Free Essays on The Stranger (The Outsider): Disillusionment :: Camus Stranger Essays

Disillusionment in Camus The Stranger (The Outsider)     In Albert Camus The Stranger (The Outsider), the protagonist Meursault is clearly disillusioned of liveness in general. Two examples of this disillusionment occurred in the instances of his mothers death and an offer to be transferred to a nonher work environment. This incomplacency is paramount in discerning this meticulous, selfish Camusian character.In deal to his mothers death, he seemed indifferent at the loss of her life. He was so uninterested in her funeral that he remarked the following ...I can be there for the vigil and develop back tomorrow night (Camus 3). His mother appeared to slow him down. He claimed he never went to visit her in the nursing home because she enjoyed it too much. Nonetheless, he admitted, in addition, that the visit took up my Sunday -- not to mention the trouble of getting to the bus, buying tickets, and spending two hours traveling (Camus 5). To further define his insensitivit y, Meursault shed not even one tear in this part of the novel moreover, he expressed no form of sorrow whatsoever.Likewise, Meursaults attitude and reaction toward an offer to be relocated to a Parisian location was a monumental indicator of his insensitivity. One would expect him to accept or decline the offer graciously and respectfully. Meursault proved, again, to be unpredictable when he states, in regard to his then current life and a possible reincarnation in Paris ...it (life) was all the same to me (Camus 41). Caught off-guard by his response, Meursaults boss asked yet another question was Meursault interested in a change of life? Unmoved, Meursault further retorted that one life was as good as another, and, furthermore, he wasnt dissatisfied with his current status at all. (Notice how he never stated that he was happy with it either.) Meursaults boss blasted him, crying that Meursault never gave him a straight answer and had no ambition his boss sad both of which were disas trous qualities in business (Camus 41).

My Life is a Cluttered Drawer :: essays research papers

My life is a cluttered drawer if you steped inside you would see a variety of pictures. Pictures of places far and near. Pictures of friends, family and loved hotshots. In the back ofthe drawer tools for the tinkering that everything seems to need at one time or another. Different types of music would be fragmented throughout the drawer on tapes and CDs forthe good times and the bad. Often I sit in my room and look back at all the pictures of the interesting places Ihave been, the unusual sights I have seen and the people I meet doing it all. A picture Ioften look at is a picture of Time Square New York. This particular picture I took myself. I look at this for motivation, motivation that one solar day I will be in the city of opportunity. The picture I keep right beside my new York picture is an army photo. A photo of one ofmy buddies out in the field gun by his side. This picture gives me a completely different haveing. A feeling of appreciation for the solders that are fighti ng for our body politic at thispoint in time. Every parent or friend with a picture like mine Im sure, knows the feelingof enquire will they be sent, or asks the question will they come back.As the drawer slides more than half way open now the stacks of CDs and tapesbegin to come into view. The tapes mostly of childhood music that got lost or out grown. The lessons or sharing, and good attitude all waiting to be passed down to a cousin orniece in dire need. The CDs in the drawer I am sure have been pulled out, and over againreturned depending on the mood, or the company. As for the artists of these CDs, mostlyString Cheese, a semi blue grass band with a song for every mood. At the far back of my cluttered drawer there are several tools. The tools youwould find in my drawer are common tools. The tools needed just for the radicalworkshop. Both kinds of screw drivers, Phillips head and a flat head. A hammer, and lastbut not least needle nose pliers. With this set of tools I feel I can fix, or rig almostanything I own to a certain extent. This set of tool would also cure the boredom of passing(a) life. Scratch up some nails and grab my trusty hammer with a cuple of planks of

Comparing Frankenstein and Paradise Lost :: comparison compare contrast essays

Frankenstein and Paradise Lost Striking similarities between a duo of novels are not unusual. The novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelly, deals with a scientist named master copy Frankenstein who embodies a creature, who eventually wreaks havoc on his life. The novel Lost Paradise, by John Milton, exposes the cruelty of Christianity or the Christian god within the characters God, Satan, Adam, and Eve. master key Frankenstein and God have many similarities, as they are both creators of incarnations. Victors creature known as the monster shows striking similarities with Satan and Adam. Characters from different novels have similar personalities. As creators of another creature, God and Victor Frankenstein are very similar, in that they both lose part of their family, and they let the war between them and their creations go on similarly long. Victor says, I collected bones from charnel houses and disturbed, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame. This shows th at he creates the monster out of corpses, just as God creates Satan. Furthermore, Victor is disgusted with his own creation, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. Victor rejects the monster, similar to Gods disgust with Satans pride. The monster wreaks havoc on the Victors life, I called myself the murderer of William, of Justine, and of Clerval, leaving him with a burden of crime, just as God loses his angels to Satan, Victor loses his family and friends to the monster. Victor at some point feels even more guilt because he didnt destroy the monster earlier. If God could so easily order the fallen angels to be pushed out of Heaven, why did he let the war go on for three days? This truly is remarkable, two novels of different time periods, with characters of startling resemblance. God and Frankensteins creations stunningly resemble each other. The monster relates to Satan, Adam, and Eve. Victor quotes, You may render me the most mise rable of men, but you shall never make me base in my own eyes, this is when the monster asks for a companion, Victor refuses. The monster also shows that he will go to any extent to be happy and complete vengeance when he goes on a murder spree. Adam quotes for with thee/ Certain my declaration is to die /How can I live without thee? Resembling the monster, hence he wants a companion, Eve.

Sandy Skoglund Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Sandy SkoglundSandy Skoglund has been in the forefront of contemporary art in the United States, as well as overseas, for nearly two decades. Her dramatic impact to the art world didnt begin overnight. After sheer dedication to art education she received her BA degree in Studio Art in 1968 from Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts. Upon getting her BA, she pursued further education at the University of Iowa where she received her MD. With her remarkable educational background, Skoglund headstrong to expand her horizons by teaching. Her teaching career grew at a rapid pace and she found herself teaching at the University of Hartford from 1973 to 1976. In late 1976, she was offered a position at Rutgers University, New Jersey, and has been teaching there ever since. She has been giving her expertise in the form of photography and the art of installation and multi-media for fourteen old age now, and she doesnt plan on giving it up anytime soon. As Skoglund began to see th at the sky was the limit, along with teaching, she decided to experiment with illustration and commercial images. The advancement in these areas had been a lifelong dream. Merely overnight, Skoglunds career blossomed and her sole purpose in all of this was to make people see and feel her brilliant materialization in a way that they could easily relate to. Over the years Ms. Skoglund has created an art that seems to bash modern day reality as we know it. Ms. Skoglund has had grand succ...

The Musical World of Aaron Copland Essay -- Biography Music

Aaron Copland was born on November 14th, 1900 in Brooklyn, New York, United States (3). His parents, Harris Morris Copland and Sarah Mittenthal Copland, were Jewish immigrants from Russia (6). Copland had four older siblings who grew up together. When he was eleven years old, nonpareil of his sisters, Laurine, taught him how to play a piano (3). Laurine also influenced to his musical world by introducing him to ragtime and opera (6). From 1913 to 1917, he took his first formal piano lessons from Leopold Wolfsohn (3, 6). Wolfsohn introduced him to the pieces of the great musicians much(prenominal) as Beethoven and Mozart. When he was fifteen, he attended a concert by composer Ignacy Paderewski. The dream of becoming a composer sprouted inside him after go to the concert (3).While he is attending Boys High School in 1917, he began to study composition and music theory through taking gibe courses taught by Rubin Goldmark (2). Rubin Goldmark was a very conservative American composer, who discouraged modern music. After his graduation from Boys High School in 1918, he chose to study composition with Goldmark instead of attending to a university (6). He also received piano lessons from Victor Wittgenstein and Clarence Alder. He was exposed to various genres of music by attending to operas and concerts. The Cat and the Mouse (1920) was his first published composition that was not shown to Goldmark. The Cat and the Mouse is a literal composition which fast tempo depicts the pilfer while slow tempo depicts the cat (1). In 1921, he wrote the Piano Sonata for Goldmark (6)Copland did not like the conservative musical world of United States (1). After he completed the Piano Sonata, he left United States and continued his studying in American... ...siconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e2406. Web.3. Copland, Aaron, and Vivian, Perlis. Copland 1900 through 1942. New York St. Martins Press, 1987. Print.4. Copland, Aaron, and Vivian, Perlis. Copland Since 1943. New Y ork St. Martins Press, 1999. Print.5. Griffiths, Paul. Copland, Aaron. The Oxford Companion to symphony. Ed. Alison Latham. Oxford Music Online. 16 Jan. 2011 . Web.6. Howard Pollack. Copland, Aaron. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 16 Jan. 2011 . Web.7. Pollack, Howard. Aaron Copland The Life and Work of an Uncommon Man. New York Henry Holt and Company, 1999. Print.8. Kamien, Roger. Music An Appreciation. New York McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2010. Print.

The Musical World of Aaron Copland Essay -- Biography Music

Aaron Copland was born on November 14th, 1900 in Brooklyn, refreshing York, unite States (3). His parents, Harris Morris Copland and Sarah Mittenthal Copland, were Jewish immigrants from Russia (6). Copland had four older siblings who grew up together. When he was xi years old, one of his sisters, Laurine, taught him how to play a easy (3). Laurine also influenced to his musical world by introducing him to ragtime and opera (6). From 1913 to 1917, he took his first formal piano lessons from Leopold Wolfsohn (3, 6). Wolfsohn introduced him to the pieces of the great musicians such as Beethoven and Mozart. When he was fifteen, he attended a concert by composer Ignacy Paderewski. The dream of becoming a composer sprouted deep down him after attending the concert (3).While he is attending Boys High schooltime in 1917, he began to study composition and music theory done taking corresponding courses taught by Rubin Goldmark (2). Rubin Goldmark was a very conservative American compos er, who discouraged modern music. After his graduation from Boys High School in 1918, he chose to study composition with Goldmark instead of attending to a university (6). He also received piano lessons from Victor Wittgenstein and Clarence Alder. He was exposed to versatile genres of music by attending to operas and concerts. The Cat and the Mouse (1920) was his first published composition that was not shown to Goldmark. The Cat and the Mouse is a literal composition which unfluctuating tempo depicts the mouse while slow tempo depicts the cat (1). In 1921, he wrote the Piano Sonata for Goldmark (6)Copland did not like the conservative musical world of United States (1). After he completed the Piano Sonata, he left United States and continued his studying in American... ...siconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e2406. Web.3. Copland, Aaron, and Vivian, Perlis. Copland 1900 through 1942. New York St. Martins Press, 1987. Print.4. Copland, Aaron, and Vivian, Perlis. Copland Sin ce 1943. New York St. Martins Press, 1999. Print.5. Griffiths, Paul. Copland, Aaron. The Oxford Companion to Music. Ed. Alison Latham. Oxford Music Online. 16 Jan. 2011 . Web.6. Howard Pollack. Copland, Aaron. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 16 Jan. 2011 . Web.7. Pollack, Howard. Aaron Copland The Life and Work of an Uncommon Man. New York Henry Holt and Company, 1999. Print.8. Kamien, Roger. Music An Appreciation. New York McGraw-Hill humanistic discipline/Social Sciences/Languages, 2010. Print.

Living in the Country

Living in the outlandish has always been considered the healthiest and most relaxing choice one can make. The beauty of the land, open and friendly neighbours, genuine relationships, the tranquil pace of country life are some of the most gentle images that come to large number?s minds when they feel tired of the pressures of city life. However, the dreams of moving away to a distant and quiet farm house are many an(prenominal) times abandoned, especially by young people, when they come to think about the lack of opportunities that at that place are in the country.In fact, many young people feel they can non grow as professionals if they choose a quiet life style in the country, due to the poor quality of preparation and the lack of employment opportunities. The poor quality of education in the countryside can be perceived when one travels along rural roads and sees a a couple of(prenominal) scattered primary schools, hidden among the mountains or in the woods. Children atten d those schools only if it is not raining, and they travel long distances on horseback, or even on leg it to reach the institution.Since the number of students is not enough to employ an English teacher, a Music teacher, a Sports teacher or a Computing teacher, those subjects are not taught, so children bewilder no additional lessons. Finally, another factor that makes education reach very low quality standards is the fact that in many places there is no electricity, so it is imposible to imagine children from rural areas connected to the Internet, or having the possibility of watching a video or listening to music. To conclude, children from rural areas are not expected to develop their full potential due to the poor quality standard of education.Once young students finish primary school, and some priviledged adolescents can commit secundary education, they have to think about university or work. University is left only to the priviledged students who can afford to move to the c ity to continue their studies. The rest of the young population have to think about getting a job. And here comes another drawback of reenforcement in the country as regards employment opportunities, there is a narrow cathode-ray oscilloscope of jobs easy for young people, and they are usually badly paid.Young people have to select among venturing into neighbouring towns, working at one of the comparatively few jobs available nearby, or working on their own business. Since they have not been properly prepared at school, and employment opportunities are scarce, the joung rural population have relatively few opportunities to grow economically. Many people put forward many good reasons to live in the country and they are right. First, living in the country is safer than living in big cities, since there are less crimes.Second, it is also healthier because there is no pollution and no loud noises. Third, the pace of living in the country is quieter so sountry peoples lifespans are lo nger. Finally, many people argue that roads and means of communication have improved a lot in the last decades, so today living far away from the city is not so hard. However, for young people who are nevertheless trying to find their way to grow professionaly in order to gain economic stability, the city offers much more educational and economic opportunities than the stillness of the countryside.

Problems of Cross Border Listing and the Way Forward

Background Paper Obstacles to cross-b narrate lists and acquisitions in the fiscal sector A. Purpose of the paper In September 2004, the in plaster castal Ecofin Council in Scheveningen discussed the issue of lagging crossborder consolidation1 in the banking area. This low take aim of cross-border consolidation is non confined to banking, but is relevant for the whole financial sector, with whatever nuances. In the upcoming fiscal Integration supervise report, the management impart dedicate a chapter on the quantitative aspects of crossborder restructuring, confirming the trends discussed in Scheveningen.Indeed, between 1999 and 2004, the report will show that cross-border conjugations and acquisitions (M&As) accounted for around 20% of the rack up value of M&As in the financial sector, w here(predicate)as cross-border deals represented 45% of M&As in other sectors over the same period. 2 finance Ministers asked the missionary work to examine possible explanations for this low level of pan- European restructuring specific to the financial sector, by reviewing the obstacles to cross-border M&As, in order to identify possible inbred merchandise business office failures, gaps or shortcomings.It should be stressed that the role of the Commission is to ensure that surviveing EU law is enforced properly, as well as to protrude growth-supportive actions, within the context of the over in either EU competitiveness indemnity. It must be equally clear that the Commission does not intent to favour specific stemma models or to influence individual market decisions, as long as they are compatible with the Treaty rules and the EU secondary law.On that basis, it is the role of the Commission to analyse market functioning, in order to detect any unjustify obstacles that would hamper companies in making their own decisions regarding their business organisation in the intra collection commercialize. The misuse of the supervisory powers to gormandise cross- border coalescers has been determine by Ministers of Finance as a possible obstacle to cross-border nuclear fusions and acquisitions. The Commission has already taken steps to correct and clarify the current nourishment in the relevant operateive, to avoid such(prenominal) situations.At the same time, thither whitethorn be other factors explaining the lack of cross-border mergers in the financial operate sector, when assessed against the domestic consolidation3 impact. This paper tries to draw a first list of potential obstacles to cross-border mergers, i. e. obstacles that would make a cross-border merger less attractive, more than dear(predicate) or more complicated than a domestic merger. It covers the whole financial sector, trying to distinguish between market segments when relevant. Obstacles to consolidation in general (i. e. bstacles that dummy up domestic consolidation as well) are not covered. Obstacles to forms of integration other than cross-border M&As (s uch as direct cross-border provision of services) are in like manner emerge of the scope of this paper, even though some obstacles business leader be relevant for various channels of integration. This list is aimed at providing all possible explaining factors, in order to serve at a later stage as a base for discussion on which of those obstacles should, and could, be removed in order to succeed the objective of improving the functioning of the Internal Market for financial services.It is not a policy paper, but a first analysis of the explanations behind the facts discussed at the Scheveningen informal Ecofin Council. 1 Cross-border consolidation means in this paper consolidation involving entities located in different EU instalment States. 2 The full debate will be published in the Financial Integration Monitor 2005, due in May 2005. 3 Domestic consolidation is to be silent as consolidation occurring within a single EU ingredient State.DG Internal Market and go April 2 005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 2 In its present form, the paper does not distinguish between those obstacles that are key to explain lagging cross-border consolidation, and those of a more anecdotic nature. In addition, some obstacles menti peerlessd here superpower be not relevant any more, but they whitethorn have influenced the situation of the past few years and could therefore provide get off the ground of the explanation for low cross-border consolidation up to now.However, we tried to mention the ongoing developments related to each obstacle identified. Introduction To Cross Border Listing The cobblers last cardinal decades has witnessed acceleration in financial globalization represented by an increase in cross-country contradictory assets. This has been the consequence of the multi study liberalization of majuscule flows as well as of the technological progress. These twain phenomenons have lowered the barriers among individual national jacket crown markets however, geography has not become irrelevant.Obstacles to international capital flows (mainly the well-grounded restrictions and costs associated with trading and acquiring information on firms listed abroad), i. e. the segmentation of markets, still exist. These barriers are creating incentives for corporate managers to adopt financial policies such as international cross-listing. For example, the US exchanges over the last few decades have attracted a sizeable share of the cross listed firms. Reasons for Cross border QuotationCross border listings gouge answer the high society raise more capital by targeting new shareholders. However not all cross border listing are accompanied by share placements as this whitethorn affect liquidity and share price. Publicly-listed foreign corporations would therefore undertake to list on overseas exchanges for a florilegium of reasons 1. To boost its status as a truly global player. 2. To raise Capital thr ough debt or equity. 3. To increase trading volume. 4. To improve shareholder relations. 5. To parent its visibility among overseas investors and consumers. 6.To tap into retail and institutional funds and benefit from changing global military positions toward equity investing Challenges and recommendations of cross border listing in that location are challenges that happen to exist when considering cross-border listing for a association or country in general. First of all, potential investors located in the secondary market baron be reticent, unwilling to trust and invest in a foreign firm on the market. In such a way, the company expertness lose prestige rather than gain more of it whilst entering a foreign xchange market. Secondly, barriers exist between countries the real challenge world power be the attitude regarding foreign firms entering a local market this encompasses shareholder attitudes from an internal point of view of a company, as the latter(prenominal) might not be willing to go abroad in certain movements. Furthermore, political attitude of the secondary markets country plays a great role in the presence of barriers. Restrictive political attitudes might give rise to more barriers than usual to those wishing to enter the exchange market.This might as well as be the case the other way round, more precisely, regarding political stability meaning that political instability in a country results in the market to be more happeny and potentially unprofitable for the external firm. Another challenge is the element of uncertainty concerning policy factors such as valuateation, accounting and financial standards and mechanisms but as well as the countrys economic and financial policies that might change, for example in the case of a change in political regiment.Such a change, if beginning in some cases can become very challenging in hurt of adaptation for the firm. . Methodology The paper tries to distinguish between three generic categor ies of obstacles (i) Execution attempts those are obstacles that may pose a threat to a successful outcome of a shout out, or may well result in the blocking of a deal. This category also covers obstacles because of which the carryed result of a bid may not be what could be expected, even though the bid itself was successful.Obstacles in this category may not materialize and therefore may not have a direct cost, but their simple perception may deter potential bidders, or target entities and their shareholders, from initiating a merger process. (ii) One-off costs those are specific costs that are caused by the execution of the cross-border deal, and would not exist in a domestic merger or acquisition deal. (iii)On-going costs those are additional costs in the management of the merged entities, once the merger is achieved, which would not exist in the management of merged entities within the same domestic arket. Those costs can be direct (additional costs to manage the entities me rged cross-border compared with the entities merged domestically) or indirect (lower synergies within the entities merged cross-border that within the entities merged domestically). The identified obstacles are also grouped according to their nature legal barriers, appraiseation barriers, implications of supervisory rules and requirements, economic barriers and attitudinal barriers. A summary table is enclosed at the end. * * * C. Identified obstacles to cross-border mergersI. sound Barriers a) Execution jeopardizes 1. Cross-border takeover bids are complex traffics that may involve the handling of a significant number of legal entities, listed or not, and which are often governed by local rules (company law, market regulations, self regulations). Not single a foreign bidder might be dis advantaged or impeded by a potential lack of information, but also some legal incompatibilities might appear in the merger process resulting in a deadlock, even though the bid would be friendly .This legal uncertainty may constitute a significant execution risk and act as a barrier to cross-border consolidation. The new Takeover Bids directive (2004/25/EC), adopted on 21 April 2004, lays down cat valium rules in order to ensure greater legal certainty for cross-border takeovers. The leading has to be transposed by May 2006. DG Internal Market and Services April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 3 2. The financial sectors of some piece States include institutions with complex legal setup resulting in unclear decision making processes.An institution based in another Member State might only have a partial understanding of all the parameters at stake, some of them not formalized. Such a situation might constitute a significant failure risk, as a potential bidder might not have a clear understanding of who might approve or reject a merger or acquisition proposal. 3. In some cases, legal structures are not only complex but also prevent, de jure or de facto, some institutions to be taken over or even merge (in the context of a friendly bid) with institutions of a different type.Such restrictions are not specific to cross-border mergers, but could provide part of the explanation of the low level of cross-border M&As, since consolidation is possible within a group of similar institutions (at a domestic level) whereas it is not possible with other types of institutions (which makes any cross-border merger or so impossible). 4. In some Member States, the privatization of financial institutions has sometimes been accompanied by specific legal measures aimed at capping the total participation of non-resident shareholders in those companies or shocking prior agreement from the Administration (i. . golden shares). Some of such measures were clearly discriminatory against foreign institutions, when it came to consolidation. The European philander of Justice has indicated that such measures were not justified by general- interest reasons linked to strategic requirements and the need to ensure continuity in public services when applied to commercial entities operating in the traditional financial sector. See for instance cases C-367/98 (judgement of 4 June 2002) or C-463/00 (judgement of 13 May 2003). 5.In some Member States, company law allows the company boards to set up defence mechanisms, such as double voting rights and poison pills, to prevent any hostile bids. Such asymmetries in company law might wrick the level playing field within the EU, and protect national markets, sometimes to the benefits of participants in these markets. The initial Commissions proposal for the new Takeover Bids Directive (2004/25/EC), adopted on 21 April 2004, included the approval of shareholders before activating defence mechanisms to counter a takeover bid.This provision has been repelled by the European Parliament and the Council. In the adopted text, Member States may decide to forbid such arrangements (i. e. opt in). 6. Even if an acquisition is successful, there may exist impediments to in exploit(p) control, i. e. there may be a risk that the acquiring company does not acquire proportionate influence in the decision making process within the acquired company piece being exposed to disproportionate financial risks. This can be explained notably by the existence of special voting rights, powerless proxy voting or use of the Administrative office by a foreign acquirer.to a fault barriers (or restrictions) to sell shares could hamper the process. As mentioned in 5, the Commissions initial proposal for a new Takeover Bids Directive tackled some of these issues, but some provisions were taken out of the final magnetic variation during the co-decision procedure. Also, as part of the Corporate Governance Action Plan, the Commission opened a consultation on the exercise of Shareholders rights which was closed in December 2004. 7. Differences in national reporting schemes, notably as reg ards accounting systems, may result in difficulties to assess the financial situation of a potential target. From January 2005, listed EU companies will be required to publish their consolidated accounts using International be Standards, as endorsed by the Commission. Member States have the option of extending the requirements of the IAS Regulation (EC 1606/2002) to unlisted companies and all banks and insurance companies and to the production of non-consolidated accounts. DG Internal Market and Services April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 4 b) One-off costs 8. The national laws of some countries might include restrictions on the type of offers that can be executed (i. e. ash only vs. exchange of shares). Even though such measures are not in themselves discriminatory to cross-border mergers, they might constitute a barrier to cross-border consolidation, given that the different features of such mergers (notably in terms of size) could call f or a specific type of offer. c) on-going costs 9. Differences in employment legislation crossways the EU may also create barriers for efficient and flexible (re)organisation. In particular, the procedures to move staff within a pan-European group confront very complex (furthermore in some cases, prudential rules impose constraints on the location of staff cf. n insurance art. 3 of Directive 95/26/EC). Those differences may also result in higher legal costs to deal with the different legal systems, as well as complex processes and different timelines when trying to introduce changes on a cross-border basis. 10. The different accounting systems across the EU have also required companies to set up adapted IT, specific personnel and reporting systems. This limits the scope of possible cost synergies when two institutions merge across the border, where as such synergies do exist when two institutions merge within the same Member States. ? See 7. 11. The consumer protection rules are very different from one Member State to another. This heterogeneity translates into the necessity of country-customised financial products compliant with those rules, and therefore also specific IT systems that handle those products and consumer relationship. For instance, this has been evidenced in the mortgage credit sector in the report recently published by the mortgage credit forum group set up by the Commission.Furthermore, those different rules are often based on the general good provisions and consequently potential abuses aimed at protecting the national markets are difficult to challenge in court. A significant example is the case C-442/02 (CaixaBank vs. France), where the European hook ruled in October 2004 that France could not ban interest bearing current accounts in that it constitutes an obstacle to the freedom of establishment. 12. Differences in national implementations of the Directive on info protection may also interfere with an optimal organisation of busine sses within merged companies.Indeed, it can have a tender impact on IT systems and limit back-office rationalisation. 13. More generally, differences of wooes in private law, sometimes explained by historical or cultural factors, may impose a country-by-country approach for some products or services (especially in the insurance sector), with the same results as differences in consumer protection rules. Those differences include notably liability and bankruptcy rules, with the implied difficulties of enforcing cross-border collateral arrangements, as well as differences in legal rules for securities. ? The Commission is working with researchers and stakeholders to develop a Common Frame of Reference for contract law as a form of handbook identifying surpass solutions in European contract law and giving guidance on the different approaches used, with a view to providing common definitions, principles and model rules for use in statute law (see COM 2004 (651) final European Contrac t Law and the revision of the acquis the way forward). DG Internal Market and Services April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 5II. valuate barriers a) Execution risks 14. As mentioned earlier, mergers and acquisitions are complex processes. Despite some harmonised rules, taxation issues are mainly dealt with in national rules, and are not ceaselessly fully clear or exhaustive to ascertain the tax impact of a cross-border merger or acquisition. This uncertainty on tax arrangements sometimes requires quest for special agreements or arrangements from the tax authorities on an ad hoc basis, whereas in the case of a domestic deal the process is much more deterministic. The conjugation Directive (90/434/EEC) provides for the deferred taxation of capital gains arising from cross-border corporate restructuring carried out in the form of mergers, divisions, transfers of assets or exchanges of shares. Taxation of the capital gain is deferred until a l ater disposal of the assets. In October 2003, the Commission posture forward a proposal to improve the Mergers Directive (90/434/EEC), which aims at clarifying the scope of the Directive as well as ensuring it applies to European Companies and European Co-operative Societies.Political agreement by the Council was reached on 7 December 2004. 15. The uncertainty on bathing tub regime applicable to financial products and services may put at risk the business model or envisaged synergies. The EUs VAT legislation in this area is badly in need of modernisation and because of its inadequacies, there is an increasing tendency to resort to litigation. The outcome can often be uncertain and as a result tax implications may place a question mark over otherwise sound business strategies. In recent years, the number of significant ECJ cases on VAT and financial services has change magnitude steadily.Individual judgement may indeed clarify the law in particular circumstances but often at the c ost of consequences which may not always be compatible with overall Community policy objectives. To take just one example, case C-8/03, Banque Bruxelles Lambert SA vs. Belgian State, the ECJ arrived at a judgement on the VAT treatment of open-ended investment companies (SICAVs) which has the potential to create tension in achieving the objective of equality of treatment and sustaining a level playing field for operators across the EU.In the absence of legislative measures, it is inevitable that the Court will play an increasing role with uncertain consequences. The Commission has act to address the provisions of the 6th VAT Directive (77/388/EEC) dealing with financial services but without much success. DG Taxud is currently looking at the distortive effect of these provisions and intends to proceed with a process of modernisation which will break away ensure their compatibility with the objectives of the Internal Market and give business greater certainty to the highest degree the tax implications of business decisions. ) One-off costs 16. The principal relief from the Merger Directive (90/434/EEC) is the deferral of tax on the capital gains on the assets transferred in a transaction covered by the Directive. However, in some cases where the Directive does not apply, special corporate structures have to be put in place to avoid such an exit tax on capital gains. This is for instance the case when permanent establishments are transferred from one Member State to another, by a holding company located in a third Member State.It can also occur when a subsidiary is converted into a branch. See comment of 14. Also related to this issue is the judgement published in March 2004 (case C-9/02 de Lasteyrie du Saillant) by the European court which ruled that taxation on unrealised capital gains of a natural person moving to another Member State constitutes an obstacle to the freedom of establishment. c) Ongoing costs 17. The issue of transfer pricing is a complex o ne for a group operating in some(prenominal) countries.As was evidenced in the Commissions Communication Towards an Internal Market without tax obstacles A strategy for providing companies with a consolidated corporate tax base for their EU-wide DG Internal Market and Services April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 6 activities (COM(2001) 582), a lack of common approach to allocate profits may rise to numerous problems on the fiscal treatment of intra-group transfer pricing, notably in the form of high compliance cost and potential double taxation. The Commission set up a EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum with Member States and business representatives, meeting on a regular basis. Bringing together all parties concerned to discuss the issues at stake it helps to reach a better common understanding and allows to identify possible non-legislative improvements to the practical problems in order to reduce compliance cost and prevent disputes. 18. A group operating across several Member States may wish to centralize support functions to increase operating efficiency. But in many cases the result will include creating a VAT penalty on the inter group supply of services (e. . legal services or other back technical operations) to another Member State. Given that in the financial services sector VAT is at best only partially recoverable, this represents significant additional costs that penalised cost synergies to expect from a crossborder merger when compared to a national merger. This tax penalty on cross-border shared service operations is in addition to the general bias towards upright integration which is widely perceived as a barrier to efficiency in the existing VAT provisions. See comment of 15. 19.The lack of a undiversified system of loss compensation across the EU affects the profit taxation at the group level. A group with several subsidiaries in the same Member State may offset profits in some of them by losses in ot hers, whereas it will be more difficult, if possible at all, with a group with subsidiaries in several Member States. Therefore groups may prefer intra-domestic consolidation to enjoy wider diversification effects as they may benefit from direct horizontal loss compensation instead of deferred and incomplete vertical compensation between subsequent fiscal years. ? In the pending case C-446/03 (Marks & Spencer), the European Court Justice has been asked whether it is contradictory to the EC treaty to prevent a company to reduce its taxable profits by setting off losses incurred in other Member States, while it is allowed to do so with losses incurred in subsidiaries established in the State of the parent company. 20. proper(postnominal) domestic tax breaks may favour specific, non-harmonized products or services, with the result that every institution has to provide this service or product if it wants to remain competitive.In such a situation, a merger between two entities located i n that domestic market may yield synergies of scale, whereas it will be more difficult to exploit comparable synergies for a foreign institution taking over a domestic one, while not being entitled to the tax break in their home state. 21. In some cases, there may be discriminatory tax treatments for foreign products or services, i. e. products or services provided from a Member State different from the one where it is sold.Therefore, a cross-border group will be disadvantaged when trying to centralise the industrial functions (e. g. asset management functions) over a domestic group since the latter may keep all its value chain within the country and still benefit from synergies. In the area of asset management, the Commission has opened a number of infringement cases to examine the tax treatments of dividends on foreign investment funds that could potentially be discriminatory (infringements 2000/5059 vs. DE, 2002/4714 vs. AT, 2003/2009 vs.FR, 1994/476 vs. EL, 2003/2010 vs. IT). 22. The impact of taxation on dividends might influence the shareholders acceptance of a cross-border merger. Even though a seat transfer or a quotation in another stock market might be justified for economic reasons, groups of shareholders could be opposed to such an operation if it implies higher non-refundable withholding tax, and thus lower returns on their investments. See COM(2003) 810 for a presentation of the different tax schemes applying to dividends across the EU.In the cases C-315/02 (Lenz) and C-319/02 (Manninen), the European Court of Justice ruled in 2004 that taxation on DG Internal Market and Services April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 7 dividends should make no distinction between dividends originating from domestic companies and those originating from companies established in another Member State. In particular, tax credit mechanisms or reduced rates should apply equally to all dividends distributed by any company establi shed in the EU. III. Implications of supervisory rules and requirements a) Execution risks 3. A cross-border merger may highlight gaps or imperfections in the regulatory framework which may make regulators feel uncertain how to proceed, leading to delay, the imposition of specific measures or a veto of the proposed merger. In the banking sector, for example, the emergence of large cross-border groups might raise local supervisors concerns regarding financial stability (e. g. the ongoing discussions on deposit guarantee schemes). In other sectors such as exchanges which had traditionally operated within one national market, regulators may be unclear how to operate in a cross-border context. ? The Economic and Financial Council is examining the effects of increase integration of the financial sector on financial stability and crisis management. Several areas, among which deposit guarantee schemes, are being scrutinized to ensure that the regulatory and supervisory framework is adapted to cross-border consolidation. 24. The misuse of supervisory powers, notably regarding those related to the approval of changes in the shareholding, have also been indicated as raising obstacles to cross-border consolidation.Although it was confirmed by the Commission that such powers should only be used on prudential grounds (Champalinaud case), the current legislation offers significant leeway for supervisors to veto cross-border consolidation. Following the economy given by the Economic and Finance Council at their Informal Scheveningen meeting (10 and 11 September 2004), the Commission is considering the relevant provision of the Codified banking Directive and has put a discussion paper to the Banking Advisory Committee on 24 November 2004.A similar discussion took place at the Insurance Committee on 1 December 2004. 25. The complexity of the numerous supervisory approval processes in the case of a cross-border merger can also pose a risk to the outcome of the transaction as some delays must be respected and adds to the overall uncertainty. In particular, in the case of a merger between two parent companies with subsidiaries in different countries, indirect change of control regulations may require that all the national supervisors of all the subsidiaries must approve the merger. b) One-off costs c) Ongoing costs 26.Despite a common regulatory framework, there might be significant divergences in supervisory practices at the level of institutions. Such divergences might be explained by optionality in the harmonised rules, including provisions taken at national level that exceed the harmonised provisions (superequivalent measures), or lack of gumminess in enforcement of common rules. The consequence is a limit on homogeneous approaches, and therefore synergies, of risk control and risk management within a cross-border group. The Lamfalussy approach has been extended to the areas of banking and insurance, which i. . provides for EU supervisory committees in charge of achieving greater convergence in supervisory practices. The new Capital Requirements Directive provides an enhanced framework for supervisory cooperation, as will the upcoming Solvency II Directive. 27. The multiple reporting requirements, in some cases combined with a lack of transparency in terms of requirements and definitions, may also impose a significant and costly administrative burden on DG Internal Market and Services April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 8 cross-border groups.Indeed, a cross-border merger might cause heavier reporting requirements compared to those imposed on the two entities that are being merged. Instead of creating cost synergies as in a domestic merger, a cross-border might even create additional costs. The Commission set up a forum group which set out several recommendations in a report published in June 2003. To follow-up on these recommendations and within the overall so-called Pillar II work, th e Committee of European Banking Supervisors is investigate the technical solutions to enable a streamlined reporting regime in the field of banking. IV.Economic barriers a) Execution risks b) One-off costs 28. The fragmentation of the European equity markets may impose additional transaction cost on a cross-border merger. For instance, the exchange of share mechanism can be complex, and more expensive, when the two entities involved are listed on different stock exchanges. The additional costs might also influence the bidder on the type of deals (i. e. cash vs. exchange of shares). c) Ongoing costs 29. separately of the legal frameworks or tax incentives (see 13 and 20), some differences in product mix, are explained by habits, preferences or even history.This is especially true for the most common products, such as payment instruments. As a result, the potential for product rationalization resulting from a cross-border merger is more limited than for a domestic merger. 30. In cro ss-border groups, there are also more non-overlapping fixed costs, which cannot be spread over several countries. Indeed, even without legal, tax or prudential barriers, there would remain differences between Member States that would require a differentiated approach to be adapted to the local environment.This limits potential synergies. The most obvious example is language, and the implications in terms of customer services for instance. 31. The low level of cross-border consolidation might also be explained by a lack of potential targets, due to the lack of middle-size institutions. internal consolidation of middle-size institutions resulted in the emergence of rather large and complex institutions. The few examples of cross-border mergers seem to indicate that it implies more often a big institution taking over a middle-size one.Taking over a big institution may perceived as too complex (and risky), whereas the takeover of a underage one might not be sufficient to offset the in duced costs. 32. The absence of critical size in some market segments (e. g. investment banking) may incite institutions to enter into a niche strategy, where the advantages of cross-border mergers that create large players is less evident from an economic point of view. Indeed, not only it would be difficult to respect synergies between two niche players, but also absolute size would not necessarily be an advantage if an institution wants to maintain its competitive advantage in its niche market. 3. Domestic mergers can contribute to increase market power, and therefore increased profitability even without any cost synergies (i. e. raising the income while maintaining the costs at a constant level). Since most of the retail markets are still organized on a national basis, cross-border mergers yield very few, if any, increased market power. 34. Differences in economic cycles across the different Member States may also play a role, in that the economic environment has a strong effec t on bank profitability.Different strategies might be DG Internal Market and Services April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 9 needed for different macroeconomic conditions, and therefore it might limit the scope of a potential pan-European strategy implemented at the level of a cross-border group, whereas domestic groups face a single economic environment. However, this could also be a driver for consolidation, as those differences in cycles can help to smooth the profitability by reducing risk and earnings volatility through geographical diversification. V. Attitudinal barriers ) Execution risks 35. Openly or not, some Member States may promote a national industrial policy, aiming at the creation of national champions. Among possible justifications, some may argue that such a policy may ensure adequate financing of the national economy. Political considerations may also play a role with recently privatised companies or institutions that have r eceived public money. This political interference may block a cross-border merger, even though such this transaction is compatible with the existing rules. Such interference might not require formal powers or rules to materialize.Indeed, as evidenced in the previous sections, there are many obstacles to overcome to carry through a cross-border merger that it is realistic to think that no cross-border merger can be achieved if there is a strong political opposition. In addition, such a policy may lead to tolerance of high levels of slow-wittedness at a domestic level, allowing (or even encouraging) domestic consolidation over cross-border consolidation and making it even more difficult to accept a foreign takeover of a national institution with a significant market share. 36.Employees reluctance within the target company of a cross-border deal might also pose a threat to the successful outcome of the transaction. Indeed, employees may not accept to be managed from another country. A public opposition to the project may influence analysts assessment. Also employees may play a role if they have a participation in the company. 37. Cross-border mergers may imply a change in the place of quotation, or even in the currency of quotation. Shareholders acceptance of quotation changes may be limited, even all risks or tax impacts are eliminated. Indeed, the place of quotation may have an important symbolic value. 8. Given that cross-border mergers are complex and need to overcome a number of execution risks (as evidenced in this document), there might be an impact on shareholders and analysts apprehension of failure risk when it comes to cross-border mergers. b) One-off costs c) Ongoing costs 39. Interference with political considerations may also have consequences in the structures put in place after a cross-border merger. Such political concessions (e. g. guarantees of level of employment, no headquarter moves, protection of the local brand) may help in getting the me rger through the ifferent obstacles, but constrain the resulting cross-border entity in realising the full potential of the merger as options may be severely limited. 40. Consumers may mistrust foreign entities, meaning that all parameters being equal, a local incumbent may have an advantage over a competitor identified as foreign. This explains why foreign institutions often prefer to keep a local brand, even though it might impede synergies across certain functions (e. g. marketing) or slow down the integration process (transition from one brand to another over a long period of time).DG Internal Market and Services April 2005 IPM survey on obstacles to cross-border mergers and acquisitions 10 Summary I. Legal Barriers II. Tax barriers III. Implications of supervisory rules and requirements IV. Economic barriers V. Attitudinal barriers a) Execution risks 1. Legal uncertainty 2. Opaque decision making processes 3. Legal structures 4. Limits or controls on foreign participations 5. Defence mechanisms 6. Impediments to effective control 7. Difficulties to assess the financial situation 14. Uncertainty on tax arrangements 15. Uncertainty on VAT regime 23. Concerns regarding financial stability 24.Misuse of supervisory powers 25. Supervisory approval processes 35. Political interference 36. Employees reluctance 37. Shareholders acceptance of quotation changes 38. Shareholders and analysts apprehension of failure risk b) One-off costs 8. Restriction on offers 16. Exit tax on capital gains 28. Fragmentation of the European capital markets c) Ongoing costs 9. Employment legislation 10. Accounting systems 11. Divergent consumer protection rules 12. Data protection 13. Differences in private law 17. Transfer pricing 18. Inter-group VAT 19. No homogeneous loss compensation 20. Specific domestic tax breaks 21.Discriminatory tax treatments 22. Taxation on dividends 26. Divergences in supervisory practices 27. Multiple reporting requirements 29. Different product mixes 30 . Non-overlapping fixed costs 31. miss of middle-size institutions 32. Absence of critical size 33. Market power 34. Differences in economic cycles 39. Political concessions 40. Consumer mistrust in foreign Entities Conclusion Whether benefits outweigh costs depends on whether total trading volume increases subsequent to listing abroad (Mittoo 1992). Although financial markets are becoming more integrated globally, geography still has a role to play.More precisely, regulations, technological variances, market barriers and legislation vary in different regions. Barriers still exist and stock exchange markets are trying to continuously lick those down by creating strategic alliances. Cross-listing provides several advantages to firms they are able to reduce the cost of their equity capital as they can reduce the risk to investors. The companys firms become more liquid and there is also better flow of information on the exchange markets. In such a way, cross-border listing becomes ad vantageous both for investors as well as the company itself

Analysis of Badinerie by J. S. Bach Essay

The component part Badinerie is best known for its destinations as the final causal agency of Johann Sebastian Bachs Orchestral Suit No.2 in B minor. Johann Sebastian Bach was born on the 21st March 1685 and died on the 31st of July 1750. He was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, and violinist. He wrote sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments. Bach drew together the strands of the chevronoque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity. The piece Badinerie is in a light mood and structured in the Binary Form. It is cast in swift 2/4 metre base on the up troll or anacrusis.This piece was originally written for a Chamber Orchestra and a solo flute. The piece starts in B minor and played in allegro pace throughout. Badinerie start with a messo forte alive(p) marking meaning moderately thunderous with motive A in the pickup head off at the beginning and motive B starts on the second beat in veto two to bar 3. The Antecedent ranges from th e beginning of the music to the first beat of bar four, which ends on a Perfect Authentic Cadence. The Consequent started on the second beat of bar for four to the first beat of bar ten, which ended on an Imperfect Cadence a one to a five suspended two chord in second inversion. They are long phrases throughout the succession of the piece.In the first five bars the thick line plays a Bassa Continuo style in Baroque music, however in modern daytime it is called a Walking Bass style. In bars six to ten the melody line plays a similar rhythm that the bass was playing in the first five bars and the bass line plays a similar rhythm to what the melody line was playing.The second beat of bar 10 the dynamic marking changes to forte meaning loud which is the beginning of the phrase extension and sequential progression to bar 16. There is a great build up in this phrase with a messo forte crescendo leading up to forte and the use of sixteen notes in the bass notes the section intense and b right. Bar sixteen the end of the first section is repeated and ends on an Imperfect five of five going to five cadence called tonicization.The second section of the piece is a development of A, which is the same melody played a fifth up. The Antecedent started from the pickup beat to the first beat of bar twenty and the outcome picked up on the next beat and ended on bar twenty three on a five of three going to a three cadence. The piece then modulated to D major in the next bar then f minor in bar 30 then back to b minor in bar thirty two. There is a phrase extension starting on the second beat of bar twenty to the first beat of bar twenty eight. The same idea comes back again of the melody line taking the rhythm of the bass line and the bass line taken the rhythm of the melody line in bars twenty eight to thirty two.There are pedal points in bars 33 to 35, interesting to note that there is use of octaves. In bars thirty six the first beat has a loud dynamic marking and the seco nd beat has a soft dynamic marking which is quite interesting. There is a crescendo in the next bar leading up to forte towards the second to last bar. This section is then repeated and the section time around there is a rit. 2 Volta which means turn around then retard the second time. The piece ends on a Perfect Authentic Cadence.

Introduction to Management Essay

1. IntroductionThis report lead discuss about company background, country background, mug up epitome, Pest analysis, Porters analysis and clear recommendations. At this report the discolouration chosen is Louis Vuitton. Louis Vuitton Mattenier also known as Louis Vuitton and shorten to LV. The Louis Vuitton label was founded by Vuitton in 1854 on Rue Nueve diethylstilbesterol Capucines in Paris, France. As well as the headquarters its self which set in Paris. Louis Vuitton is French house fashion design at that season which nice one of the worlds valuable brand with 40% profitable (Constant, 2012).2. Company BackgroundLouis Vuitton is one of the most valuables brand in its category which is Luxury in goods. Its products includes of leather goods, pocketbooks, trunks, shoes, watches, jewelry and accessories. Most of people adorned with the LV monogram which designed by well known designer and intimately noticeable with simple live style as the idea. Louis Vuitton with a bran d Value of $28.4 Billions in USD with a sales of $9.4 Billions (Reuters, 2013).3. Country BackgroundLouis Vuitton headquarters is located in Paris, they had open many outlets all around the world and capital of capital of Singapore establish 3 big outlets and the latest which located in Marina Bay litoral that open unique island store that will float on the water. Singapore its a developed country which also attract tourist from different countries to come to visit as a traveler as well as shopper. The three outlets can be found in Takashimaya, ION and Marina Bay sands.4. SWOT compendSwot analysis argon the shorten words of Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis are mainly used for a company to build their outlets/ grind in overseas to extend their products and profits.4.1 StrengthBrand Value ( the brand is one of the oldest fashion houses with more(prenominal) than 150 years) Easily recognizable (the logo and monogram)The brand has it own outlets in mos t of the large shopping center. Well known Designer Custom Tailored on hand(predicate) for elite customers4.2 WeaknessThe Shops only available in exclusive stores making it difficult for developing countries The most expensive price compare to other competitorsRarely to give discounts to customers4.3 OpportunitiesThe company needs to contain new current fashion write outsLarge market for luxury goodsCelebrity attractionsSynergy between brands/merger4.4 ThreatsFinancial crisisCompetitorsIncreased market for counterfeit productsResources are decreasing5. PEST analysis5.1 Political and legalThe anti-counterfeiting trade agreement (ACTA) aims to establish and international legal framework for targeting counterfeit goods. Where as in Singapore has kick the bucket one of the biggest shopping country in Asia, furthermore Singapore is a Bureaucratic country and extremely centralized, with 17% corporate measure, less tax regimes investors are not subject tocapital gains tax, dividend ta x, and foreign ex kind controls (Mehamer, 2013). On august 9 1965 Singapore became and independent nation and consistently improverd their economy, by maintaining their productivity with a stable government and has severe laws in place and due to strict governance and associated fines less corruption, efficient and transparent government. Singapore has class-conscious the 1st in the global enabling trade index and 18 FTA with trading partners in their trade policy.5.2 EconomicSingapore itself have a soused economy statistics. It was recorded and the data shown as interest rate0.2%, Growth rate 6.90%, Jobless Rate 2.10% and GDP per Capita $37,293 (Mehamer, 2013). This massive record shows that Singapore have crocked basis economy in their government. Louis Vuitton with a sales of 7.2 billions in 2012 were involved in Singapore Trade to GDP ratio of 270.8%, and gritty dependance on global market trends and fluctuations in macro economy.5.3 Socio-CulturalSingapore citizen with ex cellent education and healthcare (Sirikan C, 2013). Literacy rate of 92.5% and a multitasking language where they lived as a multinational country that supports every citizens to speak 2 languages, as their mother tongue is Mandarin or English. A significant percentage of non-residents who lived in Singapore with a Gini coefficient index of 48.1 shows that Singaporean can easily adapt with foreign where the employee of the company can interact with customers behavior and promote their products relay on their cultures behavior and difference.5.4 technologicalIn the last tens of years ago, technology in Singapore has a massive evolved of their needs. The growth of technology helps Louis Vuitton to communicate with their headquarters, due the change of currency, products release, transactions and supports more efficient. Furthermore it give a huge impact for both companies and countries to safe their times to manage their needs. Whereas Singapore had become a developed country the ch ange of technology to renew their materials use its not problem for them to follow the world trade affair.6. Porters AnalysisPorters Five ForcesAnalysis6.1 Threat of New EntrantsLOWCompetitor GUCCI, Yves Saint-Lauren, Channel, Bally.Jewelry Montblanc, Bulgari, Cartier, Officine Panerai.Even though LVMH have a strong many competitors Luxury goods, LVMH offer a strong and unique in their products such as high quality products, well service for every customers and brand foster. Furthermore, LVMH has no worries with their competitors they have a loyal customers who perpetually bought the products and advertise to their friends, longstanding commitment to quality and Investment required would be extremely large for those who do businesses. Besides that for a new goods brands wont give an impact to LVMH (Dang, 2013). 6.2 Bargaining Powers of SuppliersLOWFor a big company LVMH have a Suppliers and subcontractors are required to comply with strict environmental guidelines. Where LVMH nee ds lots of materials they will have many offers which the company produce the materials with the lowest deals and highest quality needs (Dang, 2013).6.3 Bargaining Powers of CustomersLOWWith branded name and value customers had become the most loyal of companies buyers, from the experience that they ever had, has build the trust and set their mind become a loyal buyer. Fashion is a trend with a strong name LVMH has put their products into the top levels and Louis Vuitton products are never on sale.6.4 Threats of Substitute ProductsLOWHigh profile luxury goods LVMH brands have high quality productsdifferentiations and believe. 6.5 Rivalry Among CompetitorsModerateIn every company will always have their own competitors in this case LVMH are working in Luxury industries in a big scale to have an competitors will always be a positive things to brought new ideas and trends, in fact competitors do not sell exactly same products and different brand value (Dang, 2013).7. RecommendationsTo m ake LV more appealing to the consumers, some products of the brand can be made available only in small quantities, by limiting its production of certain products from time to time, or producing special edition of the same handbag in different markets. LV product could become even more premium, Create products for collection of limited editions, expend the trend by increasing the popularity by adverstiment. Open their outlets store only in high end malls all around the world. To become more premium in their products LVMH may consider to concentrating its business model to production of leather goods only becoming specialist in their interest.8. ConclusionsLouis Vuitton is one of the leading fashion trends industries in the world which has significant every year. Louis Vuitton will always have their loyal customers where they bought their new products, with a strong brand value LVMH has no worries with their competitors. On the other hand due the change of time they have to consider w ith their resources that year by years will decreased their materials. Louis Vuitton shall put more concern on their weakness in both versed and external put them in the higher level of luxury goods market. They may consider to merge with other company in different products offer to increase and fasten their sales. Working in Luxury markets sales is stable jobs and it wasnt easy but they have to stable their sales and increase the value to become a premium brandReference ListConstant, J. (2012, 11 02). lvmh. Retrieved 01 14, 2014, from Louis Vuittonhttp//www.lvmh.com/investor-relations/lvmh-at-a-glance/executive-committee/Reuters, T. (2013, 11 02). Worlds Most Valueable Brands. Retrieved 01 14, 2014, from Forbes http//www.forbes.com/companies/louis-vuitton/Mehamer, C. (2013, 09 13). http//prezi.com/bin1bd1_2zt1/pest-analysis. Retrieved 01 29, 2014, from http//prezi.com/bin1bd1_2zt1/pest-analysisSirikan C, r. (2013, 07 28). A Cultural & Economic Analysis of Singapore for making Mark et Entry Decisions. Retrieved 01 29, 2014, from Slide Share http//www.slideshare.net/SrikiranCRai1/a-cultural-economic-analysis-of-singapore-for-making-market-entry-decisionsDang, A. W. (2013, 01 23). Louis Vuttion Moet Hennessy Presentation. Retrieved 01 29, 2014, from SlideShare http//www.slideshare.net/mraldang/louis-vuttion-moet-henness

University as I see it

Mr.. Rater, ladies and gentlemen I am grateful for the opportunity rendered by all of you to express my opinion in this fiercely controverter subject. To me the period amidst high drill and work, or Post-graduate education, which is called by all of us University, is inevitably the most defining period in our life, as it ends our acquisition in school as well as precedes our c areer of utilizing what weve learned. For the interest of its special position between learning and work, that defining period is ordained the special duty of macrocosm well seed to acquire some knowledge and abilities that will be soon made character of.Unlike any other period weve ever experient or will experience, it is never a single period evidently to learn something or to use what weve learned it is a combination of learning and using. other extraordinary identity of this period is that Its time when we are young and active. Being impressively influenced by the quotation Be crazy before being s enile, many of us have recognized that this is not solo a period to forge us notwithstanding a wonderful while to enjoy, as it will possibly be the last chance that we eve plenty of time to think, to plan, and dodo what we desire.Unfortunately many of us have only realized wizard of the two major use of university mostly the entertaining one. They have well but Insufficiently enjoyed the paradise with least rules and restrictions they are doing whatever gratifies them spending nearly all the time theyre awake playing computer games, having fun with their friends all the time, of course while absent from classes.The rest of whoever realized only one use of the period are completely doing oppositely to the former ones they have always en studying and studying, any time they are not sleeping, even sometimes when they are. The commonly seen phenomenon mentioned above does not stand for what modern university students are all about In fact It Is something that, If treated wisely an d courageously, can be more often than not reduced. And such wisdom and courage will be no more than a clear recognition of our Identity and the enormity attached to that Identity.With such recognition, our merriment will be more relaxing when letting go the fatigue of working with such recognition, we will realize that we are now not only students that shall learn as much as possible, but adults that need some abilities to take the responsibility of our life with such recognition, we will soon have a vision of our future thats being more and more clear and close. We are still very young, so we have a lot of time and aught to make our life crazier, more wonderful, and more unforgettable.But we are no longer Immature, so we cannot bear the loss of some Irresponsible deeds that are thought, however, sweet when being done. And all these should be kept In mind during the defining period university. Thank you all. University as I see it By rises career of utilizing what weve learned . For the sake of its special position between any other period weve ever experienced or will experience, it is never a single period simply to learn something or to use what weve learned it is a combination of learning and using.Another extraordinary identity of this period is that its time entertaining one. They have well but insufficiently enjoyed the paradise with least the time theyre awake playing computer games, having fun with their friends all the hat modern university students are all about in fact it is something that, if treated be no more than a clear recognition of our identity and the enormity attached to that identity.With such recognition, our entertainment will be more relaxing when letting and more unforgettable. But we are no longer immature, so we cannot bear the loss of some irresponsible deeds that are thought, however, enjoyable when being done. And all these should be kept in mind during the defining period university. Thank

Museum Art Critique: Surprise Attack Near Harper’s Ferry Essay

When first viewing the moving-picture show, force set on Near Harpers Ferry, created by John A. Mo whizzy in 1868, the only thing I found myself able to focus on was the group of almost completely undressed manpower that appear to be bathing in a river. At first glance, I was not truly able to grasp the concept behind the painting or the exact situation that was intended to be envisioned by John Mooney, in this specific piece of historical artwork. After looking at the image more closely and thoughtfully, the first words that entered my mind immediately were fear and chaos. The background of the Surprise Attack Near Harpers Ferry, with the censure of the smoke in the far distance, contrasts significantly to the utter chaos, fear, and confusion displayed in the portion of the painting where the group of men appear to be fearfully sparge about in the water. The background of this painting, the beautiful colored peddle and other scenery including the shimmering water, differs gr eatly in comparison with the more focused on, somewhat upset image, of what appears to represent franticness and fear that is sweeping over this group of men.After observing the painting as closely and carefully as possible, the image to be portrayed caused a feeling of sadness, as well as confusion, to sweep over me. After understanding more about the paintings meaning, I began to to a fault feel a sense of compassion and sympathy toward these men that I couldnt even completely comprehend at first. In the painting, Surprise Attack Near Harpers Ferry, the artist, John A. Mooney, places a great emphasis on the subject matter the subject matter being the men that were attempting to clean in the river. Even though the subject matter, the central focus of the painting, seems to just be about this group of Confederate Soldiers, importance is also greatly set upon the raw emotions shown by these soldiers emotions that make this painting worth critiquing and analyzing in the first place .On a more positive note or view of the painting, Surprise Attack Near Harpers Ferry easily has the ability to grab the observers attention because of the beautiful, shining color of the river and the broad sky despite what realities the men might soon be forced to face in these waters. Additionally, one of the major things to notice about this painting is John Mooneys use of repetition represented by the men in the river. Repetition is noted in the men in the painting, due to their striking, and almost identical similarities in their appearance.Another important principle of design or formal property, is the use of the earlier mentioned contrast between the more serious, central focal channel or the subject matter also known as the Confederate men in the river, and the more calm and relaxed setting shown by the clear skies and magnetise color of the river itself. Contrast is also seen in the painting by the artists use of different colors that oppose or conflict with one another . For example, John Mooney uses a much brighter/ lighter color on these men, than what he uses for the intense green/blue river and the more cloudy/ darker color he uses for the sky, or for the background cannon smoke. Contrast is used by this artist to draw more attention to the focal point of the painting.

Architectural Humanities Questions

Architectural Humanistic disciplinesQuestion 1Comp atomic number 18 the ziggurat of Ur from Mesopotamia civilisation and pyramids of Teotihuacan from Mesoamerica civilisation in footings of tweets, and seek to explicate how the natural environments could act upon the rife architectural development.The Ziggurat of Ur is the most constituted staying spiritual constructions from the Sumerian Era. Located in contemporary Iraq, it is an coarse stepped pyramid, nevertheless merely the first grade remains. The zikkurat was a spiritual construction incorporating a tabernacle composite both bit good as other unidentified possible comfortss that served the ancient metropolis of Ur. In the second century BC a new unidentified civilisation ascended edifice some(prenominal) immense stepped pyramids, now known as the pyramids of Teotihuacan located in contemporary Mexico. The Pyramid of the Sun was construct around 200 A.D, one of the largest edifice in Mesoamerica. Construction of the smal ler pyramid of the Moon, was non completed until 450 A.D.The mental synthesis of The Ziggurat of Ur consisted of assorted natural stuffs found locally, these were sourced from The Mouth of Euphrates. Similar the belongingss of the stuffs used at Teotihuacan are divided up as the environing environment consist of a boggy basin. The nucleus of the zikkurat is dumbly filled with broaden remains bricks, walls were thick to counterbalance for the infirmity of clay, most likely the bricks contained a clay compound with the proviso of straw/reeds to beef up. lots like this the Pyramids of Teotihuacan arent built of solid rock, alternatively they consist of clay and rock debris infill and utilize the trend of talud-tablero ( holding both inclining and unsloped panel subdivisions ) for geomorphological violence, nevertheless both enhance the stableness to counter excess weight, by profiting from the inclining planes. The Pyramids addition long advantage being covered with beds of pr ove rock able to drive practically any physique of wet, this being sourced from the nearby cragged part accessed by stringents of the canoe channel web. On the other manus, the zikkurat adopted a technique of utilizing beds of brick to be separated by reeds leting drainage throughout and go forthing through weep holes whilst the side and patios of the construction consist of Sun baked clay bricks to add a dowery of waterproofing. Furthermore, clay from the river bed was used as a signifier of howitzer to counterbalance for the comparative force of clay and protection from air current and rain. Much like this the Pyramids adopted their chief building stuff as a mixture of dirt and H2O, similar to clay, as it was readily available in this ground and hold a unafraid constituent.In my sentiment both constructions showed solidness through the creative bodily process of inward inclining walls, making the heart of looking ageless. The chief maps were simply to back up a comparativ ely little topographic point of worship nevertheless the sheer tallness provided an feeling, sacredly, culturally and commercially through unearthly nutriment hence both constructions portion similar orientations to the Sun.Question 2 bring out how Chinese Scholar Garden ( Wangshi Garden ) and Nipponese Moss Garden ( Saiho Jemaah Islamiyah ) usage different workss as crucial stuffs of design, and explicate their background societal contexts ( doctrines ) severally.The Chinese Scholar have created a scenic garden manner designed in order to show the harmoniousness bing between adult male and nature, a illumination compacted environment built for pleasance and to affect a so called Miniature Universe. A typical layout entails an wrap walled country dwelling of pools, stone formations/variations, and a diverse scope of workss making conservatively composed scenery. Nipponese Moss Gardens, are premeditated designs for a balance of diversion, aesthetic pleasance, contemplation a nd speculation. These illumination designs a great deal were in a extremely abstract and conventional mode, composed around an entwined way fluxing through the garden, leting observation of cardinal elements. Nipponese Moss Gardens were, at first, developed under the influences of the Chinese Scholar Gardens. eventually development came through the grasp and collaborationism of their ain aesthetics, in the signifier of Nipponese stuffs and civilization.The Four Nobles refer to four workss the plum, the orchid, the bamboo, and the chrysanthemum 1 , which withhold some(prenominal) symbolic significances. The plum tree is non deemed peculiarly dramatic nor that of its flower, nevertheless its ability to exudate this ambitious status, devises this brusk contrast and serves as a metaphor for interior beauty and a low presence. The Orchid represents and exemplifies saucer-eyed elegance, a delicate signifier with no inclination towards force, with its visual aspect in spring this is deemed to mean humbleness and aristocracy. The shaft of bamboo is hollow, with it Brobdingnagian capableness to defy immense weights and force per unit areas through strength and flexibleness, this yielded the baronial qualities of the Chinese Scholar, low, lissome and yet surprisingly strong this besides came to resemble incarnation and resiliency. Finally the chrysanthemum signifies calm and virtuousness as it defies the fall hoar and most workss wither and die it enables a religious Utopia for one to link with nature through bravery.Nothing in a Nipponese garden is left(p) to opportunity, each component is chosen consequently for its symbolic significance mosses strongly show the landform and impression of an island. These are collaborated with the apprehension of their aesthetic and symbolic significance to either fell unwanted sights, or to resemble an acquired constituent. Moss is frequently utilized to organize a dynamic composing because of its adaptability and bendabil ity with the purpose to invent a carefully controlled world, an idealized version of the natural universe, stripped to its indispensable. Moss creates the kernel of implicit in breakability and mutableness, developing an feeling to promote contemplation and response. The Nipponese believe it to be a symbol of infinity, versatility and resiliency resembled by the coexistence of eyepiece strength and physical breakability, able to last and stay resilienteven in rough conditions, including terrible cold and drouth. 1 Hong Jiang ( 2011 )The Plum Blossom A Symbol of Strength,Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.theepochtimes.com/n2/china-news/the-plum-blossom-a-symbol-of-strength-57557.html( Accessed 19 January 2014 ) .Question 3Compare and contrast two covered stadiumd spiritual edifices, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul and Selimiye Mosque in Edirne in footings of overall signifier, layout, construction, and map.Hagia Sophia was open up in 537 AD. It is considered be one of the h istorical greats for its beauty and domineer with umteen symbolic mentions to it impressiveness and spiritism It marks the startup of Byzantine architecture. The construction was the most praised and celebrated church in all Christendom for many old ages. After the corruptness of Constantinople, it was adapted to a mosque with few minor add-ons, of all time since it has been an transport and an model design for many of the Islamic mosques. Likewise, Edirne is known for its beautiful mosques, but none rather every bit oftentimes as the Selimiye Mosque. Considered as one of the highest achievements of Islamic Architecture, the mosques was constructed in 1575 and at present dominates the visible horizon of Edirne. The Mosque is non a comprehensive composite, nevertheless facilitates many comfortss, created through a more modest attack.The Hagia Sofia contains a huge inside embedded in a complex construction, all assembled from brick and howitzer. It contains two floors centered on a elephantine nave all located beneath a vaulted basilica with the full construction orientated on the northwest-southeast axis. The dome sits between two semi-domes at the Centre of the church, partly supported by a gallery of 40 arched Windowss. The weight of the dome is carried on four concave pendentives enabling its dealings onto equal arches, finally administering through four significant wharfs. To guarantee the burden can be hang the wharfs were reinforced with buttresses. This design allows the aisles to be significantly taller than the galleries therefore its consequence from below is that of a weightless dome that seems inherit the symbolism of the sky and celestial spheres.The elegance and rudimental elements of Hagia Sophia inspired the architecture of Selimiye Mosque, nevertheless can non be to the full isolated to the footings of Byzantine architecture the construction held a much greater cultural embroidery. Much like Hagia Sophia the construction contains sus pended arches, semi-domes, buttresses and a immense encompassing dome with an array of uninterrupted Windowss. However, in topographic point there is an octangular support created through eight pillars, the weight of the dome bears on these carried through the arches to the buttresses alternatively of straight to the walls, enabling the dome to be stabilised. The domes of Selimiye are more elevated, doing it to look much more dominant than Hagia Sophia of which has a much flatter contour, although the dome height itself is greater. The effects of the supporting elements are non seeable in the inside of Selimiye, this is composed to enrich characteristics of architectural mass and infinite. The construction is chiefly constructed of cut rock making a pure position through clean lines.

The Exit from Quantitative Easing

The exit from CEQ was primarily conducted by reducing rapidly the most flexible asset on the Bosss sense of ease sheet which Is the amount of Its bills purchases from private banks, to match the rapid decline in the amount of tautologic serves. The advantage of this st sum upgy was that the exit of CEQ was predominantly limited to Just one item on the Bosss balance sheet and that the balance sheet adjustments were conducted through operations directly with the banking sector, which facilitated the management of the exit process.Intentionally, the BOX chose to turn off its holdings of Japanese government securities very slowly and moderately in order not to distort translate and demand conditions in Japanese bond markets. In fact, the BOX kept In place Its tied(p) purchases of long-term Japanese government bonds. It realized the gradual reduction of Japanese government securities on Its balance sheet mainly by reducing the amount of short-term Japanese government securities. Th e BOX implement certain new liquidity providing operations in order to promote the proper functioning and stableness of interbrain money markets.The Japanese experience shows that when exiting from CEQ, a telephone exchange bank needs to consider very carefully how to restore the functioning of these crucial markets, as one result of CEQ may be that occupation in interbrain markets becomes very subdued. All in all, the exit room CEQ in Japan has been considered a success and its experience may serve as a useful example for other central banks. Fernando Gutsurge del Arroyo Gongleg provided excellent statistical support. The views expressed in this note are solely the responsibility of the author and should not be Interpreted as reflecting the views of the rely of Spain.After having followed a zero interest rate insurance strategy and facing a further deteriorating economy in an environment of falling prices (deflation), the Bank of Japan (BOX) announced the introduction of CEQ o n 19 March 2001 and kept it in place until 9 March 2006. The Japanese version of CEQ consisted of the following elements, such as published by the Boo 1) Monetary policy target The current account balances (CABs = required + excess bank reserves) became the operating instrument of Japanese fiscal policy, replacing the overnight institutionalized call rate.

Importance of Internal Communications Essay

Importance of Internal Communications for a comp either and 2 baptismal font studies. Internal intercourses is considered a vital tool for get in smirching quite a little indoors the ships gild. It does not refer only to those few authorised channels of communication in a ships company, it is also the strategic oversight of information flows to ensure the optima direct of employee battle. (Civicus, 2001) This business context of communication is a dual listening process. It is a twinge-down, bottom-up, side-to-side communication tackle as a means of delivering messages, listening to concerns and motivating staff.Maintaining a good innate communications within a company could reinforce the vision, values and culture among employees, who nates then fetch it to internal and remote audiences. Internal communications aims to ensure that employees in the company work together towards the same goal, know what they should be doing and by when. Internal communication has e volved various right smarts of communicating intern all in ally. Traditionally, it started off with informal and formal bingle-to-one and one-to-many meetings where usually the the boss would transport in a super one-way fashion with employees. Lee, 2006) In this case the message is mostly beamd in one way, it does not include feedback from the message recipients. When print materials were introduced, it was then knobbed for formal, top-down transmission, for instance, company annual report. Internal communication then evolved to the digital era where Internet was highly used as a communication tool. When telecommunicate was introduced into the business settings and with it the nature of communication has radically changed. Lee, 2006) As the digital technology advances, internal communication has evolved to the evidence where not only clear employees and employers freely email each other, forward messages without any editing (showing the hearty conversational trail), and f orward those messages outside of the bodied walls, more(prenominal)over also employees and employers raft use these emails to work on about grievance procedures, litigation and dismissal. (Lee, 2006) It is seen that internal communication has undergone by design change and will continue growing.Todays internal communication practitioner is focused on challenging and stimulating employees, managing change and gaining employee go by and byment and commitment. (Chalmers, 2008) The aim has moved from controlling and directing batch, with providing information, fashioning announcements and supporting industrial relations, to supporting the development of a flexible work environment which adapts to change, seeks improvement, offices knowledge and know-how, generates ideas and involves plurality in achieving strategic goals. Chalmers, 2008) Most of the people understand the significance of internal communication scarcely truly(prenominal) few could manage it efficiently. many a(prenominal) people think that internal communication is one of the functions that they think they can do well. In fact, when it sets to realistic situation on handling employees, certain strategies and techniques atomic number 18 needed to communicate and tackle.In talking to many individuals at very contrary levels in very disparate sectors, what has come across as crucial is the need for internal communication to be championed at the very top of the governing body and also for senior management and the boardroom to respect the expertise of the specialist tasked to deliver, be they internally or outsidely placed. Smith, 2008) A large number of studies by both pro management groups and professional communications bodies consistently find that communicating with employees is a useful and powerful way of engendering greater subscribe toment the propensity of the employee to want to come to work and want to contribute to the success of the company. (Lee, 2006) Gauri Des hmukh, head of HR at SAS India states that internal communication is important for a company as it provides information and encourages sharing by ride and supporting the organisations short-term and long-term goals and objectives.In addition, Deshmukh also mentions that with effective internal communications, it ensures that knowledge-sharing and communication processes are part of the perfunctory workflow across all functions of the business. By having good internal communication, a company ensures that in between employers and employees they are constantly updated with information. In fact, a good internal communications not only affects organizational and operational success, but it has a considerable impact on external functions such as marketing, community and government relations, nd investor relations. (Brown, 2002) Internal communication is significant in any company because it is the imageing block of the organisational culture. (Civicus, 2001) Furthermore, internal com munication is important so that employees become advocates for company. It is important to seduce a common purpose across the company creating the sense of a aggroup where everyone feels ownership in their roles and in achieving the companys goals. (WK, 2010) In this way employees feel accepted and being part of the company.Likewise, internal communication is one of the key intangible factors leading to high performance. (WK, 2010) For instance, if communication in a company is managed well employees are more confident and clear with the company mission and vision thus kick ins fine financial as well as business. Not only that, having good internal communication helps arrive at out companys brand internally as employees are the surpass ambassadors, and internal perceptions should mirror what the company is telling the world. Trout, 2012) When the company is communicating effectively with its internal s make believeholders, be it employees, management or volunteers, programmes and departments share more resources and information resulting in less duplication of work and voicelesser impact as a whole company. (Civicus, 2001) Without an effective internal communications, a company suffers others to determine what information (or disinformation) is communicated to employees about their company. Brown, 2002) Smart employers see to it that in environments where employees are able to move from one employer to another with relative ease, it is in the companys best interests to retain the smarter and more productive employees doing all they can to communicate with them, inform them, influence them and enter into some sort of psychological contract with them is a wise move. Lee, 2006) Besides, without effective internal communications, the crisis of confidence in businesses and corporate leadership could hurt sincere efforts to build a positive corporate culture and to enhance employee team spirit and productivity, and devastate the overall image of an organ ization. (Brown, 2002) Case Study I Nokia is one of the top mobile think manufacturer favoured by many people. In frame to compete with other mobile phone manufacturer Nokia is constantly improvising and upgrading their gadgets to serve people needs these days.The reason Nokia has been so successful is no doubt its construct on mobile phones, as well as the strong team in the company that has do where it stands today. In a technologically savvy company like Nokia, its no surprise that theyve been successfully implementing hearty media into their internal communications. (Kass, 2012) Nokias motto is connecting people and exploring ways to enhance communication. (Kass, 2012) In order to realize that vision, Nokia uses a number of different vehicles for two-way and push or pull communications neighborly media plays a big part with fitting into that strategy.Nokias Social Media Communications team was established in proterozoic 2008, aimed to improve inter-company communications and engaging employees. The objective of the team is to encourage the use of social media internally to bring out the companys unique authentic voice and to engage in social media externally on behalf of Nokia, and contributing to product and service announcements by opening up a dialogue and brainish online engagement. (Kass, 2012) Nokia has 125,000 employees around the world.It is the companys utmost important task to engage all employees in order to achieve company business goal. There are a few platforms in Nokia allowing employees from global to connect as if they work in a pocket-sized company together. According to Molly Schonthal who worked on the companys Social Media team in trade union America, the BlogHub is Nokias most powerful and effective social media tool that is used internally. It has been said that BlogHub lowers the barriers for employees to find conversations germane(predicate) to them.In terms of interaction, employees are allowed to communicate freely v ia BlogHub. They could make comment on posts, share ideas and knowledge on issues that assimilate been mentioned. In addition, BlogHub serves as a useful search engine for employees to seek out information relevant to them. From a management point of view, finished BlogHub feedback on various issues are gained quickly and track the conversations that are happening inside the company. select and ratings on posts are enabled as well for employees to be part of the decision team.Nokia has also introduced Nokia Conversations blog where current Nokia product news would be posted. Through this blog employees could find a big overview of all the topics liberation on in Nokia. Similar to any other company that is engaged on social media, Nokia has its very own YouTube and Twitter account. Other than that, VideoHub has grown increasingly popular with employees allowing for postings to be updated on a daily basis. Besides, Nokias Infopedia wiki allows employees to share knowledge inside the company.If someone needs to quickly check a art object of information, Nokias effective internal communication channel, Instant Messaging (IM) is available for employees. It claims to remove the barrier of more formalized communication in between employees. For global company like Nokia, in order to restrain cost and magazine, Nokia has its own video conference channel where annual communication meetings and real time conversations could be held. Considering people do not check their mailboxes as much anymore Nokia has slowly put off down prints publications in an effort to become more environmentally aware.In fact Nokia in North America has completely eliminated print publications. Newsletters are now kept to an electronic HTML format, which is e-mail so it is more easily distributed. Similar to every other company Nokia uses intranet communications as well. It is the center of where people go to get information on benefits or organization charts. Furthermore, to reach more employees, Nokia regularly posts relevant company announcements on plasma screens around regional offices, usually in cafeterias and breakout rooms, with its promise on going environmental friendly.At North America, leadership also encourages employees to speak directly with their line managers to pause understand organizational strategy and what role they can play in that strategy. For all of Nokias web 2. 0 tools, Schonthal is quick to point out that social media is never a replacement for high touch engagement. (Kass, 2012) Instead, it can contribute to various company events and other in-person initiatives. Social media complements these things but doesnt take away from the ability to internally engage and share ideas, she further explains.Nokia provides many platforms for employees to stay engaged, all for one clear identified goal connect all the people in the company. For such global company I believe Nokia in different countries or branches could decide on which channel they prefer but I believe as a whole, all the employees in Nokia stay connected via BlogHub. After reviewing how Nokia strives to engage the employees I could see that the management team work hard on receiving feedback as well. They listen to their employees. They make changes.All these actions give employees feel accepted and belonged to the company. The end result is the employees are clear with the goals, mission and procedures of the company, which can result increase their work effort and efficiency and boost business. Case Study II We were impelled to connect the organization with itself, and realized enterprise social networking was the solution. I can truly say after more than two years that we have achieved an official internal communications channel. Socialcast lifted the boundaries and made our organization transparent.We connect daily with people from India, China, the US, and Brazil. Without Socialcast it would not be possible, says Dennis Agusi, Global Internal Commu nications Officer, purplish Philips Electronics. Royal Philips Electronics of the Netherlands is a diversified health and well-being company, focused on improving peoples lives through timely innovations. As a world leader in healthcare, lifestyle and lighting, Philips integrates technologies and design into people-centric solutions, based on fundamental customer insights and the brand promise of sense and simplicity. Philips Case Study 2012) In 2010, Philips began to look how the company should help its employees spread around the globe to feel engaged, work like a small team driven by shared goals. On the way of researching, the Corporate Communications and IT department discovered that approximately 1,600 employees were actively using a free tool they had found on the Internet to communicate and collaborate. Knowing two platforms for collaboration would not be a great idea so the team took initiative to introduce a new platform to these early users.These early users provided p ositive and valuable feedback and recommendations on how to improve the enterprise social experience the best it could be. Then it led to a successful lay out of an enterprise social network. The company adopted concern Us and the network was debuted with wide support. On launch day, affiliate Us had 400 members. Within two months, 7,000 employees had joined the community. Through consociate Us they allow employee-to-employee exchanges as well as management-to-employee communications. Employees are allowed to post freely, share knowledge to make work easier. impute Us helps to remove barriers between departments as well. Through Socialcast Reach, employees are allowed to share information and data in between departments resulting a more seamless flow of work. In addition, a new idea can be communicated more broadly, increasing sense of connectedness and engagement across the company. From management perspective, through link up Us, the Communications and IT team could monitor whats happening in the company, check trending topics or people, at real time. According to report, Connect Us has enabled new and some propagation unexpected forms of employee engagement. All Employee Jam was a crowdsourcing abide designed to bring to life the companys new, refreshed perpetration and Vision statement through dialogue, discussion and debate. This exercise has successfully drawn employees who had not yet joined the social community into Connect Us. According to feedback, employees who participated in this exercise were found to be far more aware of and aligned with the Philips Mission and Vision than those employees who did not participate. This resulted Philips truly believes that enterprise social networks help companies increase employee engagement and retention.I wish the idea of how Philips tries to maintain the communication channel as one, which is Connect Us. I believe there are other platforms available for instance intranet but Connect Us is actively use d by people in the company. From not knowing employees are using free online tool to communicate to introducing socialcast network, Philips has come a long way into realizing the importance of internal communication. The All Employee Jam has definitely demonstrated the power of enterprised social networking.It encouraged the employees to share knowledge, to stay connected which resulted in a greater identity with the company. In this two case studies, both companies Nokia and Philips selected conquer channels for communication according to its needs. Nokia has different communication platforms serving different purposes. For instance, BlogHub allows employees to find information they need and Instant Messaging is a tool for quick and easy communication. On the other hand, Philips focus mainly on Connect Us, from searching information to accelerating ideas to sharing data it is all done on Connect Us.However, on my opinion, Nokia has too many platforms it might be tough to engage al l the employees in one platform, as the users are free to choose which platforms they get information from. Whereas Philips uses Connect Us, most of the employees are part of the community and anything they need require can be found on Connect Us. I think this is one of the advantages of having a focused channel. Likewise, the tools and tactics, both companies chose to be focus more on information technology. In terms of interactivity, both companies engage their employees as well as accept their feedbacks.The employees are encouraged to utilise these channels to feel more accepted and being part of the company. For instance, Philips Connect Us not only allows employees-to-employees exchange, as well as management-to-employees communication. In this case it removes barriers between management and employees so work can be done easier. As for Nokia, feedbacks are valued through suffrage and ratings on posts and comments, allowing management to understand the employees better. Besides , both case studies reviewed the importance of evaluation on internal communication.In order to improve, the management team has to constantly measure the effectiveness of the communication tools and find ways to improve. Nokia and Philips monitor their employees through these platforms to find out what is really happening in the company. This way they could make sure the employees are on par with companys goals. In conclusion, internal communication has never been so important. Many people know what internal communication is and they think they know how to function this but they might not know the true meaning behind it.Effective internal communication does not mean to have a lot of communication platforms, spending big budget on this function but utilizing the appropriate communication tool for employees get involved. If you want to build brand for your company first you have to build your brand internally. After all employees are the representatives of your company, they are the brand. Internal communication comes a long way to build, it might need more time and effort to achieve the effective result as craved but the end result is always proven satisfaction, that I am sure.A combination of strong communication, teamwork and camaraderie framed within trusting relationships will help achieve remarkable results in times of large-scale change and uncertainty, writes University of Nottingham chief executive Peter Homa. And finally, in my own words, you cant communicate with your audience until your internal message is crystal clear.