Effect Fast Food Essay Example for Free

Effect Fast Food EssayFast forages collapse become a common trim down amongst many individuals. Most people would always say they dont view as judgment of conviction hence opt for fast victualss. With the advancement of modern technology these foods atomic number 18 do in way that leaves questions unanswered. Despite research showing organic food such as meat and poultry serve better nutritious supplements, close people tend to rely on fast foods such as vanilla and, barbecue more so in U. S. A. (Alexander, 22). There be somewhat negative aspects pegged to modern food production techniques in the society. Modern food production techniques ar costly hence it is not convenient for poor farmers since it involves scientific knowledge. In spite of its prevalence for about in 13year in U. S. A. the debate about fast foods has taken centre stage in todays discussion. This paper tries to characterize the effects of fast foods that are exhibited in our contemporary society.F irstly, Modern methods also make use of machinery which is not available to e very(prenominal) farmer in the area hence, it leaves the poor farmers out as they cannot afford the equipments required and, it also involves heavy investment especially when breeding certain crops for the sake of amend their nutritive prises. In the process, various elements are introduced into them. It also builds the view in people that, only modern produced foods are good for consumption hence, the foods produced using established methods are, viewed to be of lesser value. Traditional farmers are therefore left out with their own produce making them to suffer economically (Schlosser, 112). It also observed that, foods produced using modern productions are also costly. However, the big question is why most people rush for them? Similarly, there is great fear in the world that genetically modified foods have immense negative health Impacts on peoples health.Consequently, modern food production is now focusing on safety of foods consumed by customers by introducing new techniques and, body politic of the art processing methods have been discovered to ensure that valuable nutrients are preserved. There is an immense focus on safety in foods being manifest in the area of quality standards and safety. Safety requirements are of global significance a grand the whole food production line, from harvest of raw materials to storage of graceful foods in homes (Wilk, 77).The key concern therefore is suppressing the egress of unwanted organisms that whitethorn spoil food. These actions have effects on the health of the society since they eliminate the chances of food poisoning. Similarly, modern food production methods are also more focused on make foring specific dietary needs for the society. With the increased knowledge on the importance of various nutrients, diets can also be developed to meet specific need as numerous plant ingredients have al ensnare been shown to be beneficial in disease prevention.With the increasing knowledge on the importance of various nutrients, diets can be developed to meet specific needs. There is a wide range of food designed to suit the nutritional requirements of various groups such as the old, expectant or breast-feeding mothers, infants, young children and sportspersons. Such foods are characterized by a balanced composition of energy suppliers in the form of fats, carbohydrates and proteins. In addition, they have cocktails of vitamins and minerals composed according to the current state of scientific knowledge. For many elderly, they have an gain that, the same foods may provide a balanced diet and, a sufficient supply of vitamins. Also, essential amino acids and minerals are provided without changing long standing habits. Application of modern food production methods has also proved to increase the levels of output in farms. Modern methods lead to high turnout of food production.There are several reasons for the causes of negative impacts of modern food production in the contemporary society. It is evident that, due to the high knowledge required in the production, only a few companies leave behind be able to pool the resources and expertise to carry out the studies and production (Brown, 68). Some of these companies are unscrupulous and, will charge so much on their products since there are less competitors in the market hence, being a burden to the society as they are compelled to pay more.Also, there are other researchers who only claim to have improved a certain food in form of its nutritive value yet, it is not just to get easy m one and only(a)y. The consumers are not aware of that hence, they end up buying the products not knowing they have been conned. In addition, overlook of regulation by governments is another cause of negative impact on the health. This is because, some food producing companies will not carry out enough studies man genetically modifying some foods hence, may end up be ing lethal to the societys health.However, modern foods have had numerous positive impacts. With the advancement of scientific knowledge in plants and genetic engineering, it is possible to introduce even produce allergen free plants which are safe for the society. Genetic engineering is used to produce allergens in amounts sufficient for scientific analysis. The main aim is to produce varieties which have no predominant allergens and thus accommodate even hypersensitive consumers.Also with sophisticated technological efforts, it is possible to meet safety standards while maintaining organoleptic quality. Unwanted micro-organisms in foods need moisture, neutral pH values, low-spirited salt and sugar concentration and moderate temperatures to grow. This has called for measures to be undertaken to prevent the growth of these micro-organisms even after mild processing conditions, e. g various combinations of heat and acid treatments. The use of technology on the addition of antimicrob ials, magnetic field pulses or computer aided design of equipment that is easily cleaned. As heating can destroy sensitive food ingredients, e.g. vitamins, modern pulse heat treatment involves very brief heating interspersed with cooling phases.Another way to combat microbial growth is water extraction, like industrial microwave drying of fruits or spray-drying of milk. Microwave drying offers the advantage of relatively low temperatures combined with the reduction of pre-existing moisture levels resulting in preserving valuable nutrients and flavors. Nowadays, food diagnostic methods are also being employed to correspond the condition of foods by checking the temperatures, acid content, presence of certain metabolic products or, the quantity and type of micro organisms in a sample of safety controls. Besides conventional practices such as physiochemical characterizations, state-of-the-art molecular genetics methods are also widely used to identify spoilage bacteria. New tests bas ed on molecular genetics can also be used to investigate a foods origin. Modern food production methods also act positively by improving the helpful micro organisms which contribute both to flavor and preservation of food stuffs.Low earnings among the people in the society, has led to permeation of fast foods because, low earning people mostly would prefer to purchase the fast foods rather than other foods so as to be able to pay bills. It is evident that, fast foods may at times cost lesser as compared to other healthy foods. Also, the society is not concerned in what they eat but are ready to consume the fast foods not withstanding their effects to their health (Meeks, 122). The fast food industry is experiencing a tremendous growth and success due to the changing life style in the society whereby, people are no longer doing strenuous jobs so they end up preferring fast foods. It is also evident that fast foods are cheaper compared to other foods so people are inclined to buy the m due to current economic situations.In conclusion, the society nowadays is a working one where people have no time to prepare food hence they prefer to walk into fast food outlets and purchase rather than spending time cooking. The society is also experiencing changed eating habits and, people are not too much concerned with their health thus they buy fast foods. There is also a growing demand in fast foods mostly linked to the increasing population growth and also advertisements. Fast foods are also addictive and hence once one is used to them it is hard to leave.

Racial, Gender, And Sexual Oriention Micro Aggressions Essay Example for Free

Racial, Gender, And Sexual Oriention Micro Aggressions EssayThe three types of micro aggression be racial micro aggression, gender micro aggression, and sexual druthers micro aggression. Racial micro aggression consists of subtle insults which basin be verbal, nonverbal, or visual directed towards people of color, often automatically or unconsciously. It is a subtle form of racism. Racial micro aggression can take a number of antithetic forms including nullifying racial- cultural issues, making stereo-typical assumptions, and cultural insensitivity. They similarly play a role in unfairness in the legal system as they can influence the decisions of juries. Gender micro aggression is related to acts that perpetuate conventional gender roles. An good example of this could be a male faculty member asking his male colleagues to help him work out a glitch in a piece of equipment in his laboratory further not asking his female colleagues making the notion that a womans mechanica l dexterity is inferior to that of a mans. These gender micro aggressions include devaluing, minimizing, belittling, and demeaning comments closely women and women associated activities. Sexual orientation micro aggression is associated with actions that maintain stereotypes about homosexuals.An example of this would be assuming that all homosexual males personify women with high-pitched voices and manicured nails and that all lesbians have manly characteristics that signify that they argon gay. The dynamics of micro aggression argon the forces that tend to produce activity and change in racial, gender, and sexuality incidents. The dynamics behind micro aggression also tend to send messages towards people. An example of this could be when an white person asks an Asian American or Latino American to teach them words in their native language. This sends the message that they arent American and a foreigner.Another example would be a white person stating that an African American is ver y articulate. The actual message it sends is that it is unusual for someone of color to be intelligent. There are four quandarys that we face during micro aggression. The first is the clash of racial realities where white Americans tend to think that racism is on the decline and that African Americans are doing better in smell than 30 or 40 years ago. On the reverse side, blacks view whites as racially insensitive. The second dilemma is the invisibility of unintentional expressions of bias.This refers to the issue that in most cases racial biases are invisible and the wrongdoer is unaware of any injustice. The third is the perceived minimal damage of racial micro aggressions. This conveys the fact that when an individual is confronted with their micro aggressive acts the perpetrator usually believes that the victim has overreacted or is being overly sensitive. The last dilemma is the take prisoner 22 of responding to micro aggressions. The victim is usually perplexed about how to react whether it be deciding to do nothing or confronting the perpetrator. Sometimes, micro aggression can manifest in counselor. down the stairs Denial of Individual Racism, a common response by Whites to people of color is that they can understand and relate to experiences of racism. Under Color Blindness, for example, a client of color stresses the importance of racial experiences only to have the therapist reply, We are all unique. We are all individuals. or We are all human beings or the same under the skin. These colorblind statements, which were intended to be supportive, to be sympathetic, and to convey an ability to understand, may leave the client feeling misunderstood, negated, invalidated, and unimportant.In clinical practice, micro aggressions are likely to go unrecognized by White clinicians who are unintentionally and unconsciously expressing bias. As a result, therapists must(prenominal) groom a accommodative effort to identify and monitor micro aggressions wi thin the therapeutic context. CHAPTER 7 CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE INTERVENTION STRATEGIES The communication styles identified in this chapter were verbal and non-verbal. Most communication specialists believe that only 30 to 40 percent of what is communicated conversationally is verbal. There are a number of non-verbal communication styles.These are proxemics, kinesics, paralanguage, and high-low context communication. The two concepts presented in sociopolitical facets of nonverbal communication were 1. Nonverbals as reflections of bias this is represented in the example of the white women walking down the street quondam(prenominal) the white, black, and latino teenager. When passing the black and latino teenager she automatically clutched her purse and switched it to the other side. The women who switched their purse were operating from stereotype, biases, and preconceived notions about what minority youngsters are like. 2.Nonverbals as triggers to biases and fear this is represe nted in the differences in that which cultures communicate. Whites often perceive black persons as a threat because of the way in which they communicate. Blacks are often high-key, animated, heated, and confrontational. They also believe the black male to be hostile, angry and prone to violence. Implications for Clinical Practice 1. Recognize that no one style of counseling or therapy depart be appropriate for all populations and situations. 2. Become completeledgeable about how race, culture and gender affect communication styles. 3.Become aware of your own communication and aid styles. 4. Try to obtain additional training and education on a variety theoretical orientations and approaches 5. Know that each school of counseling and therapy has strengths but they superpower be one dimensional 6. Use an approach in training programs that call for openness and flexibility in conceptualizing the issues and actual skill building. It is important to know this because communication sty les are strongly influenced by race, culture, ethnicity, and gender. These implications lend support to the notion that various racial groups exhibit differences in communication style.CHAPTER 8 MULTICULTURAL FAMILY centering AND THERAPY There were five components of the multicultural family counseling and therapy a conceptual model. 1. plurality reputation Relationships 2. Time Dimension 3. Relational Dimension 4. Activity Dimension 5. Nature of People Dimension Activity Dimension The primary characteristic of White U. S. cultural values and beliefs is the action orientation. They believe that we must master and control nature, we must always do something about a situation, and that we should always take a pragmatic and utilitarian view of life.Counselors expect clients to master and control their own life and environment and to take action to resolve their problems. It is evident everywhere and is reflected in how White Americans identify themselves by occupation. American Ind ians and Latinos/Hispanics prefer a being or being-in-becoming mode of activity. The American Indian concepts of self determination and noninterference are examples. The Latinos/Hispanics believe that people are born with dignity and deserve to be handle with respect. They are born with innate worth and importance.The inner soul and spirit are more important than the body. Both the Asian and African Americans operate from the doing orientation. However, the doing manifests otherwise than in White American lifestyle. The active dimension in Asians is related not to individual achievement, but to achievement via conformity to family values and demands. African Americans put to work considerable control in the face of adversity to minimize discrimination and to maximize success. Nature of People Dimension Middle class White Americans in general perceive the nature of people to be neutral.Environ psychic issues such as conditioning, family upbringing, and socialization are believed to be the dominant forces in determining the nature of the person. People are neither good nor bad but are a product of their environment. African Americans tend to have a mixed concept of people, but like their White counterparts, they believe people are generally neutral. Asian Americans and American Indians tend to emphasize the inherent goodness of people. Latinos may be describe as holding the view that human nature is both good and bad. The Key Points for Clinical Practice1. Know that our increasing diversity presents us with different cultural concepts of the family. 2. Realize that families cannot be understood apart from the cultural, social, and political dimensions of their functioning. 3. When working with a racial/ethnic group different from you, make a concerted and conscientious effort learn as much as possible about their definition of family and the values along with it. 4. Be attentive to cultural family building and extended family ties. 5. Dont prejudge based on your own ethnocentric perspective. 6.Realize that most minority groups view the wifely role as less important than the motherly role. 7. Utilize the natural help giving networks and structures that already exist in the minority culture in community. 8. Recognize that lot can take many forms. These forms often appear quite different than our own, but they are no less effective or legitimate. Multicultural counseling calls for the counselor to modify our goals and techniques to fit the motivatings of minority populations. 9. Assess the importance of ethnicity to clients and families. 10. Realize that the role of family counselor cannot be confined to culture bound rules. in effect(p) multicultural counseling may include validating and strengthening ethnic identity increasing ones own awareness and use of the client support system, circumstances as a culture broker, and becoming aware of the advantages and disadvantages of being from the same or different ethnic background as your client. You shouldnt feel you need to know everything about the ethnic group, you should avoid polarization of cultural issues. 11. Accept the notion that the family therapist will need to be creative in incumbrance techniques when working with minorities. Bold = most important points in clinical practiceCHAPTER 9 NON-WESTERN INDIGENOUS METHODS OF HEALING Culture bound syndromes are disorders specific to a cultural group or society but not easily given a DSM diagnosis. These illnesses or afflictions have local names with distinct culturally sanctioned beliefs surrounding causation and treatment. They include amok, ataque de nervios, brain fag, ghost sickness, koro, mal de ojo, nervios, and rootwork. It is very important for mental health professionals to become familiar not only with the cultural background of their clients, but to be knowledgeable about specific culture bound syndromes.A primary danger from lack of cultural understanding is the angle of inclination to overpathol ogize or overestimate the degree of pathology. The principles of indigenous healing 1. The healing begins with an opening supplicant and ends with a closing prayer. The pule creates an atmosphere for healing and involves asking the family gods for guidance. The gods arent asked to intervene but grant wisdom, understanding and honesty. 2. The ritual elicits a truth telling sanctioned by the gods and makes compliance among participants a serious matter.The leader states the problem, prays for a spiritual fusion, reaches out to resistant family members, and attempts to unify the group 3. Muhiki occurs which is a process of getting to the problems. The foregiving, releasing of wrongs, the hurts, and the conflicts produces a deep sense of resolution. 4. After the closing prayer the family participates in pant, the ritual in which food is offered to the gods and the participants. Implications for Clinical Practice 1. Do not invalidate the indigenous practices of your culturally diverse c lient. 2.Become knowledgeable about indigenous beliefs and healing practices. 3. Realize that learning about indigenous healing and beliefs entails experimental or lived realities. 4. Avoid overpathologizing and underpathologizing a culturally diverse clients problems. 5. Be free to consult with traditional healers or make use of their services. 6. Recognize the spirituality is an intimate aspect of the human condition and a legitimate aspect of mental health work. 7. Be willing to expand your definition of the helping role to the community work and involvement.

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining

layaboutcer Prediction use Data Miningmalignant neoplastic disease Disease Prediction from Horoscope of a Person Using Data MiningD. JAGADEESWARANAbstractThis paper deals with finding out the possibilities of affliction a soulfulness from endcer disease i.e. predicting malignant neoplastic disease disease from horoscope of a person using data mining techniques. Horoscope has 12 regions all(prenominal) occupying 300. Each region is called a house that deals with different signalifications. thither argon total 9 artificial satellites that displace occupy any house in a horoscope. According to position of the planets different angulate combinations can be formed and these combinations atomic number 18 termed as Yogas that ar used in predicting features of horoscope. Each house deals with different significations and the same apparel of combinations obtaining in a particular house might influence the different significations comprehended by the house, in different ways. To be more specific, let us consider the 4th house of a horoscope. It is supposed to signify mother, education, res publica and house properties. An illiterate person may possess many houses and a long-lived mother while a highly educated person may non possess any properties. This obvious discrepancy has been submissive to some extent by the introduction of a significant factor, viz., the Karaka or indicator. This paper aims at testing new horoscopes finding out different possible angular combinations present in that horoscope and to predict the possibility of cancer disease. This is also an approach to consider out whether Astrology is a scientific study and application of language of the heavenly bodies or not.Index Terms Data Mining, Horoscope reading, Horoscope classification, cancer disease prognostication etc.Introduction crabby person is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can air to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start for example, cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer cancer that begins in melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma.Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer includeCarcinoma cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. There are a number of subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cellcarcinoma.Sarcoma cancer that begins in turn out, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.Leukemia cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large meter of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.Lymphoma and my eloma cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.Central nervous system cancers cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. not all tumors are cancerous tumors can be benign or malignant.Benign tumors arent cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Some cancers do not form tumors. For example, leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood.Cancer is a long term diseases. Thus, it is imperative that the 6th and the one-eighth house forma relationship with each other. This is because the sixth house determines the disease and the eighth house signifies the diseases that last long. On the other hand, Saturn and Rahu give the indications for the occurrenc e of diseases that last long.The position of both the houses play a significant role in analyzing the cancer. Cancer is related to Rahu, afflicted Moon, afflicted Jupiter or Saturn and also forms relations with signs including, Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn. The native has a risk of suffering from cancer when the Moon is afflicted be the passkey of the sixth house or eighth house in its unfavorable dasha.The risk of suffering from cancer is also high when there are many malefic planets in one house, especially Saturn, Rahu and Mars. The native suffers from the cancer of the respective body part that is represented by the afflicted house. Neptune and Uranus facing each other in a horoscope is considered to be a highly inauspicious position. This situation can even be fatal for the native. discomfit dashaanath in the horoscope can also give serious diseases like cancer.The dashas that come after the dasha in which the native suffers from Cancer is also analyzed. If the se dashas are auspicious, or of favourable planets, or yogakaraka planets, wherefore the disease can be diagnosed in the initial stage only and can be easily treated. Navansh kundli, shahtiyansh kundli and ashtamansha kundli should also be analyzed before stretching to any conclusion.Rahu is considered to the karaka of cancer. However, Mars and Saturn can also give this diseases. Jupiter is considered to be lord of growth and cancer takes place with the growth of dead cells in the body. The risk of cancer is also high when the the lord of the eighth or sixth house is afflicted.Rules for cancer diseseConjunction of Sat with moonshine or venus.Saturn and mars aspect or vice versaMalefic lord of 6th in ,6th,8th 10th or 12th.Lord of 6th in 6th ,8th 1oth and 12th.Jupiters aspect on waning moon .Moon and venus aspect on each other.Aspect of saturn on moon or venus.Venus or moon in Rahu ,ketu axis aspected by saturn ,mars or jupiter.I found that venus played a significant role in most ch arts.Maha dasha or antar of Rahu .Yogas for Cancer DiseaseWhen Mars, Moon and the lord of the sixth house conjuncts each other in a horoscope along with Sun, accordingly the person has a risk of getting cancer disease.If Moon and Saturn are in the sixth house of the horoscope, then the person can get Cancer after the age of 55.Conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn and Ketu can become the cause of Cancer.Afflicted Mars and relation of Ashlesha Nakshatra with the ascendant and the sixth house can also result in Cancer.According to Dr. B.V Raman , the risk of Cancer is high when the lord of the sixth house being a malefic is situated in the ascendant, eighth, or tenth house of the horoscope.Saturn in the afflicted state situated in the nakshatra of Rahu can also cause Cancer.When Saturn and Mars conjuncts in the sixth house in Addra or Swati nakshatra.Planets Cancer causing areas in bodyPlanetBody distinguish to be effected by CancerSunHead (Brain), Heart, Stomach, BloodMoonBone Marrow, Br easts, Lungs, HeartMarsBlood, Bone marrow, Reproductive organs, Uterus, Neck and Rectum atomic number 80Nose, Mouth, UmbilicousJupiterEars, Liver, Thighs, BrainVenusTroat, Reproductive organsSaturnHands, Feet, Legs, GumsKetuHead, Neck, Blood, Back/Spine plates Cancer causing areas in bodyMalefic Planet influencing set upBody transgress to be effected by Cancer1st HouseBrain, Head2nd HouseMouth3rd HouseThroat, Neck4th HouseChest, Breasts, Lungs, Back5th HouseStomach, Blood, Bone Marrow6th HouseLiver, Cancers, Pancreas7th HouseReproductive organs8th HouseRectum, Piles, Spine9th HouseThighs10th HouseKnees11th HouseLegs12th HouseFeetIn general, Saturn is always linked with all diseases (especially chronic and long term) and if cancer causing planet is in anyway associated (conjunct, aspect, in constellation, in sign) with saturn, then cancer will take long time to cure.Also if either Saturn or cancer causing planet are Retrograde in birth chart, the disease takes longer time to get c ured. Saturn and Rahu influencing second house (by placement or aspect) are main conclude for tobacco chewing and smoking habits.A person with these aspects should be careful and try to quit tobacco as it can lead to mouth, throat and lung cancer. ecumenical horoscope structure for diseasesHOROSCOPE CHARTIs the one in which the order of the houses is fixed. It consists of four central rhomboidal houses (which are numbered 1, 4,7 and 10, starting from the upper central rhomboid) and eight triangular houses. The sign rising at the time of birth is marked in the first house or the upper central rhomboid, and the remaining signs marked in invariable order in an anti-clockwise direction.CREATING A DATABASE FROM ABOVE HOROSCOPEEvery horoscope contains 9 planets, 12 different signs 12 different houses. Depending on the placement of all these different angular combinations are formed. A horoscope can be identified by 11 attributes viz. Ascendant sign signs of 9 Planets. An 11th attribute may be added to represent whether the person will suffer from cancer disease or not.TABLE STRUCTUREThe table structure has 11 attributes. That means sun, moon, mars, mercury, Jupiter, venus, Saturn, rajku, kethu, ascendant and cancer disease. That is represented asAttributeConstraintsDatatypeAscendentSunMoonMarsMercuryJupiterVenusSaturnRahuKetuCancer diseasenot unrealNot NullNot NullNot NullNot NullNot NullNot NullNot NullNot NullNot NullNot NullVarcharNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberNumberYES/NOThe values are inserted in the database as,AscendentSunMoonMarsMercuryJupiterVenusSaturnRahuKetuCancerDisease2443474428NOThe database can be created for many such horoscopes.This database will serve as the training set in predicting the newer dataset. The training set will contain many horoscopes (For testing, I used 2000 sample horoscope that definitely suffer from Cancer Disease 2000 sample horoscopes that do not sufferfrom Cancer Disease) is given as input to the class ifying algorithm in wood hen.INTERFACING WEKA WITH HOROSCOPEFig Applying Horoscope to the WEKAWEKA (WAIKATO ENVIRONMENT FOR KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS)WEKA is a collection of implement learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The algorithms can either be applied directly to a dataset or called from your own Java code. WEKA contains tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression, clustering, tie beam rules, and visualization. It is also well suited for developing new machine learning schemes. A database created above can be given as input to the WEKA algorithm such as Neural Networks, Lazy, Decision Table etc. a model can be built up from this input. This model is then used in predicting the nature of new horoscope.RESULTSS.NoTraining Set SizeAlgorithmAccuracy(%)12346000600060006000DecisionTableMultilayerPerceptronJ48LWL85937588CONCLUSIONPredicting cancer disease from horoscope of a person is successfully found using data mining techniques.ReferencesInternational Journal of scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2012 ISSN 2250-3153Data Mining A Knowledge Discovery Approach, K. Cios, W. Pedrycz, R.Swiniarski, L. Kurgan, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-33333-5, 2007.Data Mining Concepts, Models, Methods, and Algorithms, Mehmed Kantardzic, ISBN 0471228524, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002.Ian Witten and Eibe Frank, Data Mining Practical Machine cultivation Tools and Techniques, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 0120884070,2005.WEKA manual.

The Adkar Change Management Model Business Essay

The Adkar Change heed Model Business EssayIndustrial Laboratory Problems with Production, Efficiency, and Flow. Continuous quality improvement is the rivet of a quality based leader in an industrial QC research laboratory, but laboratory leaders that are deficient in quality assurance knowledge can struggle with analyzing production, susceptibility, or workflow problems. Major issues industrial QC laboratory leaders encounter are uneven workloads, poor work scheduling, lack of mystify training, overstrained work activities, and inefficient wasteful put to workes (Reynolds, 2009). To combat these issues of poor laboratory qualification and quality, assertive laboratory leaders may try to improve conditions by put oning an efficiency organisation, such as slant 5S. Problem recognition, by industrial QC laboratory leaders, is a valuable offset tone of voice to continuous quality improvement. Insufficient concord of the complexity involved in inefficient culture, the lean 5S establishment purpose, and tack guidance leads to failure for most industrial laboratory leaders in sustaining a meaningful and successful lean 5S culture form.5S Description as a Foundation to Lean,and 5S Failure5S is a five step system for altering the environs of an industrial lab that is inefficient, wasteful, and displaying poor quality into a lab that is organized, experiences smooth work flow of product and personnel, and is visually enhanced as a lead, obstetrical deli genuinely wasteful issues to the forefront for continuous improvement. The 5S system is a quality improvement development originating in Japan unequivocally, the five Ss are seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu, and shitsuke (Hirano,1992) however, in the English rendition the five Ss have been given the names sort, set in order, shine, common plantize, and sustain (5S Supply, 2011).Each step of the 5S system works together. 5S starts with sort, where an industrial laboratory visually organizes and labels its finished inventory in groups of immenseness and categorical description for instance, marking all laboratory equipment as essential, possible essential, and non-essential (Nilipour Jamshidian, 2005). All non-essential items are marked with a rubicund tag and thus taken to a holding area for non-value added item disposal. Sort is the step of removing waste that reduces clutter and improves organization for moving on to the attached step in the 5S system, set in order. Set in order is the orderliness step where all value-added inventory items are organized and properly label for easy use and access. Access to items is de circumstanceined by how often they are needed or used for example, frequently used laboratory equipment and tools should be unploughed close to the area of need, and less frequently used items can be stored away in a properly labeled area for easy uncovering (Froehling, 2009). Organizational tools are implemented such as labeling cabinets and shelves, co lor coding equipment and tools, and outlining and labeling work areas. Organizing, labeling, and placing laboratory tools and equipment in their designated locations allow for ease of the next 5S step of shine. round off involves cleaning the laboratory, removing dirt and grime, and making the lab shine. Cleanliness and orderliness provides an industrial lab environment for easily identifying and eliminating waste and non-value added items.To make the 5S system part of everyday lab activities, the graduation exercise three steps of 5S must become part of laboratory standard operating procedure for this reason, the work needs to be standardized by work tasks (Froehling, 2009). Each employee of the lab must do his or her part in continually organizing, eliminating waste, and cleaning subsequently, these tasks are done by implementing the fourth step of standardize. Once the 5S system is standardized, it must be reinforced through the sustain step which involves such activities as a uditing, appraisal, and positive feedback consequently, sustain is the step most practitioners ignore and do not blanket(a)y implement, so leading to failure of this step. fit to Hogg (2005), the sustain step, of the 5S system, is where the majority of 5S failure occurs.There are those that consider the 5S system as basic housekeeping, and if a practitioner were to look at the first three steps of 5S, it would be (Eaton, 2000). What the laboratory leaders fail to recognize is the dependable application of all five steps of 5S as the foundation to a lean laboratory and as a permanent culture change to a lab that has operated in the past as inefficient and wasteful. For example, if an industrial laboratory has been working for 10 years as inefficient, so inefficiency would be customary and the standard engrained in that laboratory culture. Because of this history, it would take to a greater extent than housekeeping to break down the cultural barriers existing in this laboratory work environment to improve efficiency and quality long term. If 5S is labeled as housekeeping by laboratory lead or upper counsel, then the 5S quality initiative most sure as shooting falters (Hogg, 2005).5S as a Culture Change, and ChangeManagement FailureIt is important for industrial laboratory leaders to realize that 5S writ of proceeding is more than housekeeping. 5S is a change in the following three areas work flow of product and personnel, functioning of the lab in terms of inventory and equipment, and standard operating procedures and daily activities. understanding the changes that take place through the implementation of the laboratory 5S system is crucial knowledge for laboratory leadership. 5S is not a quality tool, but a lean quality system that requires change from all industrial laboratory personnel. consort to Shil (2009), it is crucial for laboratory leadership and upper management to acknowledge lean 5S as a culture change to the organization, and not a si mple task performed periodically.Now that the 5S system has been established successfully as a change in culture it is important for the 5S facilitator to understand the intricacies of implementing change, and sustaining the intended change as needed with lean 5S. The important issues needing to be addressed when implementing change are leadership support, employee subway, and change accompaniment. Leadership support is very important to start the 5S implementation, so laboratory personnel must recognize that company management is serious about the changes beingness put forth, and feel confident in management to provide the resources and support that is needed to make the changes materialize and endure. Employee resistance can be a massive obstacle to the implementation of change therefore, leadership cannot ignore resistance and must do all it can to change resistance to acceptance (Obrien, 2008). Engaging the employee is the first step to breaking down this barrier, and engage ment is accomplished by effective communication and employee involvement. Communication is important for educating laboratory personnel on the reasons for the proposed change, and for their understanding of the line causes of laboratory inefficiencies that brought on the need for change. Effective communication brings a positive light to the employees perception of the change, gives them an understanding of the needed change, and starts the breakdown of resistance (Society for Human mental imagery Management, 2007). The next important aspect for leadership in employee engagement is to involve the laboratory personnel in the decision making and implementation plan of the 5S system. involution in the change gives the laboratory personnel a sense of ownership in the system, and continues to deplete the remaining resistance to change. According to Gallup Business Journal (2012), prosecute employees builds passion within the workforce and that passion can turn employee resistance to employee innovation and promotion of change.Once a change has been implemented it is not unavoidably secure consequently, this uncertainty is a third reason 5S practitioners fail to sustain the intended quality improvements that lean 5S is meant for. 5S is a dynamic system that needs to be managed and measured. Most failure of 5S occurs in the fifth step of sustain because laboratory leaders lose focus on the 5S system. Because standards are in place and the laboratory is clean and organized, leaders think the laboratory will continue to operate this way. This thought process is a big mistake and causes the 5S system to deteriorate and result in laboratory personnel losing initial enthusiasm for the lean quality initiative. According to Bevan (2011), the major factor in successful change is not place together a plan or understanding the change, but implementing and sustaining the change, yet many change leaders assume initial change will stick, therefore neglecting to preserve th e change. Failure of the 5S system is not only a waste of resources, money and time, but also a loss of opportunity. The 5S system is the foundation of a lean laboratory, and if 5S fails it can result in an increase in laboratory personnel change resistance for any future lean initiatives. Understanding the enwrapped of 5S as a culture change and demonstrating a clear understanding of the complexities of change management practice is extremely beneficial for any 5S practitioner.Change Management Success, and theADKAR Change Management Model5S is not a laboratory housekeeping task or quality tool on the contrary, 5S is a lean system that requires culture change in the industrial laboratory. In order for a successful implementation and sustainable 5S culture change in an industrial laboratory, a change management baffle can be extremely important and vital for planning, educating, implementing, and sustaining the quality initiative. A change management illustration provides the an atomical structure that is deficient from the 5S steps for successful and sustainable change. Research shows that change, such as 5S, breaks down due to poor planning and leadership, employee resistance and human resource neglect, and insufficient reinforcement of the change in culture (Song, 2009). One such change management puzzle that has proven success is the ADKAR change management beat developed by Jeffrey Hiatt from the Prosci Learning Center.The ADKAR change management model consists of five elements that build off of separately other, and focus on important areas of change such as, evaluation, management leadership, employee engagement, training, and reinforcement (Hiatt, 2006). Although some industry professionals may prefer an alternative change management model, the ADKAR model was chosen for its simplicity, structure, and ability to implement change ranging from change in individuals to more complex company-wide change.ADKAR ElementsThe ADKAR change management mode l has five elements in its structure, and the five elements areAwareness,Desire,Knowledge, world power, backup.Awareness Element of the ADKAR ModelThe element of awareness consists of some very important aspects in providing a solid foundation to a change initiative like lean 5S. One aspect is the ability to evaluate the organizations bareness to change, and provide information for evaluating each element of the ADKAR model. For instance, determining how aware the organization is on its need to change, if management supports the proposed changes, and if the change has been communicated to the employees. Evaluation is a good showtime point in determining which element of the ADKAR model is the weakest in respect to the organization making the changes. Evaluation could answer important questions likeWhat is the desire train of the employees to making this change happen?How knowledgeable are employees on the new processes and systems intended from the change?Are resources and workfo rce available to enable the laboratory to implement the changes?Is there a process for reinforcing the changes, and is the laboratory able to sustain the new systems and processes long term?Evaluation using the ADKAR change management model provides 5S leadership with a planning resource for making a strong plan prior to beginning the 5S system implementation.Awareness also promotes the importance of having strong management support for the be after 5S changes subsequently, sponsorship is important for giving laboratory employees the feeling of being supported by upper management, and confidence knowing that resources are being provided for the full 5S implementation. Awareness likewise covers the very important process of communicating to employees the reasoning for the 5S system, and engaging employees on their concerns and ideas, and using their experience to build strong support for the 5S system. According to the survey by the Society of Human Resource Management (2007), the t wo highest reported barriers to successful change are employee resistance to change, and insufficient communication of the planned change. Hiatt (2006) lists the four strategies of developing awareness of change asOperative Communication,Top Management Support,Leadership Instruction,Appropriate Information Access.Desire Element of the ADKAR Model large number are naturally hesitant to change, and strategically communicating the need for 5S and showing strong management support is designed to create the next element of the ADKAR model specifically, desire for the 5S system in the laboratory. Desire is the breaking down of change resistance and the barriers to change inherent in the laboratory employees, and engaging them to the point of routine resistance to enthusiasm. According to Zigarmi and Hoekstra (2011), resistance to change is created when change is forced on employees instead of performed with employees furthermore, not involving the employees being affected by the change ta king place is the largest obstruction to successful change. Jeffrey Hiatt (2006) lists the maneuvers for creating desire in the ADKAR model asSponsor the change successfully in collaboration with employees,Provide managers the ability to perform as change leaders,Appraise risk and expect resistance,Involve employees in the process,Align enticement programs to the goals.After the first two elements of ADKAR are implemented, the laboratory personnel are aware of the efficiency problems in the laboratory department, and the need for continuous quality improvement. Through effective communication and employee involvement the desire to change is strong, and employees are on board with the next step of learning about the five steps and structure of the 5S system. Not addressing the first two steps of awareness and desire is the first problem 5S practitioners make as a result, they do not set a strong foundation for implementing a system as culturally confused as 5S. Laboratory leaders ca n misinterpret the 5S system as a simple housekeeping activity or quality tool and then struggle mightily, because laboratory employees cannot understand the need for the system, and do not feel the presence of management support accordingly, employees then naturally build a resistance to the implementation of 5S into the laboratory.Knowledge Element of the ADKAR ModelKnowledge is the third element of the ADKAR change management model. Knowledge is the training element of the change management structure and consists of training all laboratory employees on the history, structure, and processes used in the 5S system. The knowledge element of the ADKAR model stresses the importance of robust instruction of how to implement and use each 5S step, and making sure laboratory employees are unified in implementing and following the procedures to be developed. Jeffrey Hiatt (2006) describes the exercises for building knowledge in the ADKAR model asTrain and arise with effectiveness,Provide w ork tools,Coach employees individually,Develop training groups and settings.According to the research paper by Korkut, Cakicier, Erdinler, Ulay, and Dogan (2009), 5S training by organizational leadership to the personnel execution the 5S implementation is a decisive factor in the successful 5S operation. Eaton and Caprenter (2000), reiterate the importance of training and emphasize that all affected employees need to understand how 5S works, how it is implemented, and what the results should be.Ability Element of the ADKAR ModelAbility is the fourth element of the ADKAR model, and emphasizes the importance of providing resources in time, manpower, and equipment for a full implementation of all 5S steps. If time, manpower, and equipment are not adequate for implementing changes, then the whole 5S system can be compromised and each step may not be completed as the system is designed. Jeffrey Hiatt (2006) lists the exercises for crafting ability in the ADKAR model asSupport the change through daily supervisor involvement,Provide expert advice in subject material,Appraise performance,Involve employees in training exercises.According to Bevan (2011), monetary, workforce, and technological resources must be available and applied to empower the change to be executed, or the change will be impaired. Minimalizing resources on change implementation such as 5S into an industrial laboratory can weaken the sustainability of the intended changes in summary, laboratory personnel need the tools and time to get the job done.Reinforcement Element of the ADKAR ModelReinforcement is the last element of the ADKAR change management model. This element is extremely important if the 5S system is to be sustainable for the long term in an industrial laboratory. Knowing that 5S failures happen most often when 5S practitioners neglect the last step of the 5S system, sustain, then the ADKAR model can provide the proper planning and focus needed on building a sustainable 5S system in the industrial laboratory. Reinforcement accentuates the importance of measuring the affects of 5S changes through auditing the 5S system. According to Bevan (2011), introduce the changes by comparing results with the planned vision of the 5S system and reassessing goals to promote continual improvement are critical factors in successful and sustainable change. Hiatt (2006) also underscores the importance of employee recognition for following new 5S standard operating procedures, being a team player, and enthusiastically promoting the 5S culture changes. Another point of reinforcement is the continuation of management support, and keeping management involved with auditing and providing the needed positive feedback for employee recognition. Leaders of change must be aware of their role in successful change, and their responsibility in fostering the new system for continued growth and change in culture (Higgs Rowland, 2010). If the reinforcement of the industrial laboratory 5S system is planned for and followed, as the ADKAR model can provide, then the probability of 5S sustainability failure will extremely diminish, and the 5S culture change can become the norm.Reinforcement, Continuous Improvement,and PDSA CycleThe ADKAR model stresses the importance of a strong reinforcement process for sustainability and continuous improvement of implemented changes. An important quality and continuous improvement tool that provides a strong reinforcement process for 5S sustainability is the use of the continuous improvement cycle of PDSA (plan, do, study, act). With the inclusion of the PDSA cycle in the reinforcement element of the ADKAR model, 5S system audits, metrics, appraisals, and laboratory personnel feedback and recognition would be planned, implemented, examine for effectiveness, and continually improved by enacting changes to improve culture change reinforcement and 5S sustainably. According to the PDSA workbook from the State of Victoria Department of Health (201 0), the PDSA cycle is an excellent model for continuous system improvement furthermore, the workbook breaks down each phase of the PDSA cycle as followsPlan Phase The planning of the 5S improvement that answers, the who, what, when, why, and how of the initiative.Do Phase The execution of the scheduled deliverables from the planning phase.Study Phase The review phase of comparing where the 5S system was and where it is now since the planned improvement initiatives have been executed. Measurables are taken to delimitate if changes were beneficial, or if more changes are needed to meet intended plans.Act Phase The moving forward phase to realize the gains from the cycle, determine opportunities that have travel from this initiative, and decide if the improvement cycle needs to be repeated or are new strategies apparent for improvement.The ADKAR reinforcement element employs five campaigns for reinforcing change solemnization and Recognition,Rewards,Feedback from Employees,Audits and Performance Measurement Systems,Accountability Systems (Hiatt, 2006).To employ these reinforcement campaigns and continually improve these evasive action, PDSA can provide the continuous improvement model for devising, implementing, measuring, and improving the five tactics of reinforcement that the 5S system needs for long term sustainability. Continuous quality improvement is a voyage, and the PDSA cycle provides the structure needed to verify the sustainability of 5S through repeat assessment, and prevention of disparities within the 5S system from its intentions (Quality Insights of Pennsylvania, 2011). Each PDSA cycle performed in the reinforcement element of ADKAR provides a learning experience that can be used for continually strengthening the 5S system, and sufficiently reacting to laboratory environment changes and new quality issues (Srivannaboon, 2009).

The Algorithm of Gaussian Elimination

The Algorithm of Gaussian EliminationIn linear algebra, Gaussian excreta is an algorithmic rule for understand systems of linear equivalences, finding the rank of a ground substance, and calculating the inverse of an invertible square matrix. Gaussian voiding is named afterwards German mathematician and scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss. GAUSS / JORDAN (G / J) is a manner to find the inverse of the matrices using elementary trading operations on the matrices.To find the rank of a matrix we use gauss Jordan elimination metod but we use gauss Jordan regularity acting in case we energise to find only the inverse of the invertible matrix.Algorithm overviewAlgorithm of gauss Jordan method is simple. We have to make the matrix an identity matrix using elementary operation on it. It is firstly compose in the form ofAI=AWe exit firstly write the upper equation and then serve elementary operation the just hand side matrix matrix and simultaneously on identity matrix to obtain side by side(p) matrix.I=A A-1The process of Gaussian elimination has two gets. The first part (Forward Elimination) reduces a given system to either triangular or echelon form, or subjects in a degenerate equation with no solution, indicating the system has no solution. This is complete through the use of elementary actors line operations. The twinkling step uses top substitution to find the solution of the system higher up.Stated equivalently for matrices, the first part reduces a matrix to path echelon form using elementary row operations while the second reduces it to reduced row echelon form, or row canonical form. other point of view, which turns out to be very useful to analyze the algorithm, is that Gaussian elimination computes a matrix decomposition. The three elementary row operations utilize in the Gaussian elimination (multiplying rows, switching rows, and adding multiples of rows to other rows) amount to multiplying the schoolmaster matrix with invertible mat rices from the left. The first part of the algorithm computes an LU decomposition, while the second part writes the original matrix as the product of a unambiguously determined invertible matrix and a uniquely determined reduced row-echelon matrix.Gaussian eliminationIn linear algebra, Gaussian elimination is an algorithm for solving systems of linear equations, finding the rank of a matrix, and calculating the inverse of an invertible square matrix. Gaussian elimination is named after German mathematician and scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss, which makes it an example of Stiglers law.Elementary row operations are used to reduce a matrix to row echelon form. Gauss-Jordan elimination, an extension of this algorithm, reduces the matrix further to reduced row echelon form. Gaussian elimination but is sufficient for many applications, and is cheaper than the -Jordan version.HistoryThe method of Gaussian elimination appears in Chapter Eight, Rectangular Arrays, of the important Chinese m athematical text Jiuzhang suanshu or The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Its use is illustrated in eighteen problems, with two to five equations. The first reference to the book by this title is dated to 179 CE, but parts of it were written as early as approximately 150 BCE. It was commented on by Liu Hui in the 3rd century.The method in Europe stems from the notes of Isaac Newton.In 1670, he wrote that all the algebra books know to him lacked a lesson for solving simultaneous equations, which Newton then supplied. Cambridge University eventually published the notes as Arithmetica Universalis in 1707 long after Newton left academic life. The notes were wide imitated, which made (what is now called) Gaussian elimination a standard lesson in algebra textbooks by the end of the 18th century. Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1810 devised a notation for symmetric elimination that was adopted in the 19th century by professional hand computers to solve the normal equations of least-squares p roblems. The algorithm that is taught in high school was named for Gauss only in the 1950s as a result of confusion over the history of the subjectAlgorithm overviewThe process of Gaussian elimination has two parts. The first part (Forward Elimination) reduces a given system to either triangular or echelon form, or results in a degenerate equation with no solution, indicating the system has no solution. This is accomplished through the use of elementary row operations. The second step uses back substitution to find the solution of the system above.Stated equivalently for matrices, the first part reduces a matrix to row echelon form using elementary row operations while the second reduces it to reduced row echelon form, or row canonical form.Another point of view, which turns out to be very useful to analyze the algorithm, is that Gaussian elimination computes a matrix decomposition. The three elementary row operations used in the Gaussian elimination (multiplying rows, switching row s, and adding multiples of rows to other rows) amount to multiplying the original matrix with invertible matrices from the left. The first part of the algorithm computes an LU decomposition, while the second part writes the original matrix as the product of a uniquely determined invertible matrix and a uniquely determined reduced row-echelon matrix. eventSuppose the goal is to find and describe the solution(s), if any, of the following(a) system of linear equationsThe algorithm is as follows choke x from all equations below L1, and then eliminate y from all equations below L2. This will put the system into triangular form. Then, using back-substitution, each unknown can be solved for.In the example, x is eliminated from L2 by adding to L2. x is then eliminated from L3 by adding L1 to L3. FormallyThe result isNow y is eliminated from L3 by adding 4L2 to L3The result isThis result is a system of linear equations in triangular form, and so the first part of the algorithm is complete. The last part, back-substitution, consists of solving for the knowns in reverse order. It can thus be seen thatThen, z can be substituted into L2, which can then be solved to obtainNext, z and y can be substituted into L1, which can be solved to obtainThe system is solved. whatever systems cannot be reduced to triangular form, yet still have at least one valid solution for example, if y had not occurred in L2 and L3 after the first step above, the algorithm would have been unable to reduce the system to triangular form. However, it would still have reduced the system to echelon form. In this case, the system does not have a unique solution, as it contains at least one free variable. The solution set can then be expressed parametrically (that is, in terms of the free variables, so that if values for the free variables are chosen, a solution will be generated).In practice, one does not usually galvanic pile with the systems in terms of equations but instead makes use of the augmente d matrix (which is also suitable for computer manipulations). For exampleTherefore, the Gaussian Elimination algorithm apply to the augmented matrix begins withwhich, at the end of the first part(Gaussian elimination, zeros only under the leading 1) of the algorithm, looks like thisThat is, it is in row echelon form.At the end of the algorithm, if the Gauss-Jordan elimination(zeros under and above the leading 1) is appliedThat is, it is in reduced row echelon form, or row canonical form.Example of Gauss Elimination method(To solve System of Linear Equations) maven simple example of G/J row operations is offered immediately above the tholeing referencean example is belowBelow is a systemof equations whichwe will solveusing G/Jstep1Below is the1st augmentedmatrix pivoton the 1encircled in redRowoperationsfor the 1stpivoting arenamed belowNext we pivot on thenumber 5in the2-2 position,encircled belowBelow is the result of do P1 on theelement in the 2-2 position.Next we must perform P 2Rowoperationsof P2are belowThe result of the 2ndpivoting is below.Now pivot on -7encircled in redUsing P1belowwe change-7to 1Below is the result ofperforming P1 on -7in the 3-3 position.Next we mustperform P2Rowoperationsof P2are belowThe result of thethird (and last)pivoting is belowwith 33 ISMmatrix in blueStep3ofG/JRe-writing the net matrix asequations givesthe solution tothe original systemOther applicationsFinding the inverse of a matrixSuppose A is a matrix and you need to calculate its inverse. The identity matrix is augmented to the right of A, forming a matrix (the block matrix B = A,I). Through application of elementary row operations and the Gaussian elimination algorithm, the left block of B can be reduced to the identity matrix I, which leaves A 1 in the right block of B.If the algorithm is unable to reduce A to triangular form, then A is not invertible.General algorithm to compute ranks and basesThe Gaussian elimination algorithm can be applied to any matrix A. If we get stuck in a given column, we move to the next column. In this way, for example, some matrices can be transformed to a matrix that has a reduced row echelon form like(the *s are arbitrary entries). This echelon matrix T contains a wealthiness of information about A the rank of A is 5 since there are 5 non-zero rows in T the vector space spanned by the columns of A has a basis consisting of the first, third, fourth, seventh and ninth column of A (the columns of the ones in T), and the *s tell you how the other columns of A can be written as linear combinations of the basis columns.AnalysisGaussian elimination to solve a system of n equations for n unknowns requires n(n+1) / 2 divisions, (2n3 + 3n2 5n)/6 multiplications, and (2n3 + 3n2 5n)/6 subtractions,3 for a contribute of approximately 2n3 / 3 operations. So it has a complexity of .This algorithm can be used on a computer for systems with thousands of equations and unknowns. However, the cost becomes prohibitive for systems wi th millions of equations. These tumescent systems are generally solved using iterative methods. Specific methods exist for systems whose coefficients follow a regular pattern (see system of linear equations).The Gaussian elimination can be performed over any field.Gaussian elimination is numerically stable for diagonally dominant or positive-definite matrices. For general matrices, Gaussian elimination is usually considered to be stable in practice if you usepartial pivoting as described below, even though there are examples for which it is unstable.Gauss-Jordan eliminationIn linear algebra, Gauss-Jordan elimination is an algorithm for getting matrices in reduced row echelon form using elementary row operations. It is variation of Gaussian elimination. Gaussian elimination places zeros below each pivot in the matrix, starting with the top row and working downwards. Matrices containing zeros below each pivot are said to be in row echelon form. Gauss-Jordan elimination goes a step fu rther by placing zeros above and below each pivot such matrices are said to be in reduced row echelon form. both matrix has a reduced row echelon form, and Gauss-Jordan elimination is guaranteed to find it.It is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Jordan because it is a variation of Gaussian elimination as Jordan described in 1887. However, the method also appears in an article by Clasen published in the same year. Jordan and Clasen probably discovered Gauss-Jordan elimination independently.1Computer sciences complexity theory shows Gauss-Jordan elimination to have a time complexity of O(n3) for an n by n matrix (using Big O Notation. This result means it is efficiently solvable for most working purposes. As a result, it is often used in computer software for a diverse set of applications. However, it is often an unnecessary step past Gaussian elimination. Gaussian elimination shares Gauss-Jordons time complexity of O(n3) but is generally faster. Therefore, in cases in wh ich achieving reduced row echelon form over row echelon form is unnecessary, Gaussian elimination is typically preferred.citation neededApplication to finding inversesIf Gauss-Jordan elimination is applied on a square matrix, it can be used to calculate the matrixs inverse. This can be done by augmenting the square matrix with the identity matrix of the same dimensions and applying the following matrix operationsIf the original square matrix, A, is given by the following verbiageThen, after augmenting by the identity, the following is obtainedBy performing elementary row operations on the AI matrix until it reaches reduced row echelon form, the following is the final resultThe matrix augmentation can now be undone, which gives the followingA matrix is non-singular (meaning that it has an inverse matrix) if and only if the identity matrix can be obtained using only elementary row operations.Example of Gauss Jordan method(To Simply Find Inverse of a Matrix)If the original square matr ix, A, is given by the following expressionThen, after augmenting by the identity, the following is obtainedBy performing elementary row operations on the AI matrix until it reaches reduced row echelon form, the following is the final resultThe matrix augmentation can now be undone, which gives the following

Progressivism on a National Level :: essays research papers

Reform of corrupt businesses and governing first drew attention at local and state levels. Big businesses in the late 1800s preferent profit over patriotism, credit over honor, individual gain over national prosperity, and trade and dickering over principles. It was not until 1901, when Theodore Roosevelt became president, that progressivism was brought to the national level. During Roosevelts presidency, he would defend reform as much as possible by strengthening the power of the federal political sympathies.The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was an early attempt to try to make abuses by large combinations of businesses called trusts. The Act was weakened by the Supreme Court used against labor unions rather than against monopolies. Roosevelts first push for reform on the national level began with a secret antitrust investigation of the J. P. Morgans Northern Securities Company whom monopolized railroad traffic. After successfully using his powers in government to control busin esses, Roosevelt used the Sherman Antitrust Act against forty-three bad trusts that broke the law and left the good trusts alone. When united mine workers went on strike demanding less(prenominal) hours, more money, and recognition as a union, the price of coal went from $2.50 to $6.00 a ton. With the nations high dependence on coal during the winter, Roosevelt arranged a meeting with representatives from both sides to meet. He threatened to seize the mines and run them with federal troops and eventually settled it by giving them a reduction in the workday and wage increases, but no recognition as a union.Another Act that expanded the federal governments power include the Elkins Act which outlawed railroad rebates and created the Department of Commerce and Labor to act as a corporate watchdog. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was created in 1887 to find railroads but was never given real power to set rates and prevent discriminatory practices. To increase the power of the I CC, Roosevelt passed the Hepburn Act of 1906, and for the first time, a government commission could investigate private business records and set rates. When Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle was published, reformers took another look at the meatpacking industry. The novels shock accounts of filthy conditions in the meatpacking plants resulted in the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act and a Meat Inspection Act.

education :: essays research papers

Educating our YouthThe Authors that we read in class all had esteemed criticism when talking about our nations education system but the genius essay that stood out the most for me was about our children being more interactive with the community. Robert Coles argues that our childred need to be more respectable towards elders and be more involved in the growth of the community.Respectively I think that Mr. Coles makes a very convincing argument, and that when you break down all of the other arguments, everything pieces together under one study category. Bell Hooks argues that our instructs are too large and that the students need to feel a sense of surrounding in order for them to be able to limit better, Ms. Meier has a convincing argument that standardization of our school just like the ones in Europe are needed, and Linda Darling-Hammond argues that there is unequal opportunity among our schools specifically dealing with racism distributed throughout our school system.When y ou look at Bell Hooks argument that our schools are too large and that the students that are handout to school in the city are not getting the same education as the students in the suberbs. This argument can directly tie into the fact that yes there defiantly needs to be a more teacher to student ratio, because in every statistical analysis of the school system the less students in a class, the more comfortable the student is in his surrounding and the easier it is for the student to learn. Basically this situation can be solved by involving the student in the school, and in the community better. Solving a situation like cutting classroom size down with flooding more money into schools isnt going to solve the way that students learn. I believe that students learn by the influence of others around them, others like their parents, their role models, and fellow classmates. I dont amply agree with the fact that there is unequal opportunity among students of different race, or that the re need to be a standardization among grades for students like there is in Europe. The problem here in America is that kids arent feeling the connection with their peers. Kids dont have motivation to learn, they see that their parents are not trussed to their lives and they dont feel that connection with the community like they are supposed to.